Observational studyReproductive health2015
Rates and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breast feeding at 42 days postnatal in six low and middle-income countries: A prospective cohort study.
Observational study in Reproductive health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 76 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research Maternal Newborn Health Registry
Immediate vs Early Skin-to-skin Contact in Cesarean Births and Its Effect on Breastfeeding
A Study of Effects of Delay in the First Bathing Time of Newborns on the Rate of Body Temperature and the Rate of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of interventions on early initiation of breastfeeding in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Knowledge and practice of essential newborn care and associated factors among women in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis.Reproductive health · 2022Pooled it
- Does Caesarean Section Affect Breastfeeding Practices in China? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Maternal and child health journal · 2017Pooled it
- A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin as an adjuvant agent for induction of labor: The MILO trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Trial
- Effect of community-initiated kangaroo mother care on breastfeeding performance in low birthweight infants: A randomized clinical trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Trial
- Maternal and neonatal peripartum factors associated with late initiation of breast feeding in Bangladesh: a secondary analysis.BMJ open · 2022Trial
- Newborn physical condition and breastfeeding behaviours: Secondary outcomes of a cluster-randomized trial of prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements in Bangladesh.Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Trial
- Effectiveness of weekly cell phone counselling calls and daily text messages to improve breastfeeding indicators.BMC pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Peer counselling improves breastfeeding practices: A cluster randomized controlled trial in urban Bangladesh.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Trial
- Institutional deliveries and early initiation of breastfeeding in India - lessons from comparing the public facilities in Chhattisgarh state.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Random-effects modelling of timely initiation of breastfeeding in Tanzania: What predicts the practice?BMJ open · 2026Article
- An estimation of the effect of finding nurses helpful on early breastfeeding exclusivity mediated via breastfeeding self-efficacy, using a counterfactual approach and G-computation.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Impact of conditional cash transfers under the Janani Suraksha Yojana on neonatal outcomes in India's EAG states.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Associations between adverse childhood experiences and breastfeeding initiation and duration: a longitudinal birth cohort study in Pakistan.Research square · 2025Article
- Article
- Influence of abuse and disrespect during childbirth on early initiation of breastfeeding.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Observational
- Article
- Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and its associated factors among women in Mauritania: evidence from a national survey.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Prevalence and barriers to early initiation of breastfeeding among urban poor full-time readymade garments working mothers: a mixed-methods study in Bangladesh.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Magnitude and determinants of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum: evidence from the PMA Ethiopia longitudinal survey.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
23 authors at 18 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEarly initiation of breastfeeding after birth and exclusive breastfeeding through six months of age confers many health benefits for infants; both are crucial high impact, low-cost interventions. However, determining accurate global rates of these crucial activities has been challenging. We use population-based data to describe: (1) rates of early initiation of breastfeeding (defined as within 1 hour of birth) and of exclusive breastfeeding at 42 days post-partum; and (2) factors associated with failure to initiate early breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 42 days post-partum.
methodsProspectively collected data from women and their live-born infants enrolled in the Global Network's Maternal and Newborn Health Registry between January 1, 2010-December 31, 2013 included women-infant dyads in 106 geographic areas (clusters) at 7 research sites in 6 countries (Kenya, Zambia, India [2 sites], Pakistan, Argentina and Guatemala). Rates and risk factors for failure to initiate early breastfeeding were investigated for the entire cohort and rates and risk factors for failure to maintain exclusive breastfeeding was assessed in a sub-sample studied at 42 days post-partum.
resultA total of 255,495 live-born women-infant dyads were included in the study. Rates and determinants for the exclusive breastfeeding sub-study at 42 days post-partum were assessed from among a sub-sample of 105,563 subjects. Although there was heterogeneity by site, and early initiation of breastfeeding after delivery was high, the Pakistan site had the lowest rates of early initiation of breastfeeding. The Pakistan site also had the highest rate of lack of exclusive breastfeeding at 42 days post-partum. Across all regions, factors associated with failure to initiate early breastfeeding included nulliparity, caesarean section, low birth weight, resuscitation with bag and mask, and failure to place baby on the mother's chest after delivery. Factors associated with failure to achieve exclusive breastfeeding at 42 days varied across the sites. The only factor significant in all sites was multiple gestation.
conclusionsIn this large, prospective, population-based, observational study, rates of both early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 42 days post-partum were high, except in Pakistan. Factors associated with these key breastfeeding indicators should assist with more effective strategies to scale-up these crucial public health interventions.
trial registrationRegistration at the Clinicaltrials.gov website (ID# NCT01073475).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.