Trial reportJournal of clinical psychopharmacology2015
Transdermal Estradiol Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Pilot, Randomized Trial.
Trial report in Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- The short-term effects of estradiol, raloxifene, and a phytoestrogen in women with perimenopausal depression.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Trial
- Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: results from a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Archives of women's mental health · 2020Trial
- Treatment of Endometriosis with the GnRHa Deslorelin and Add-Back Estradiol and Supplementary Testosterone.BioMed research international · 2015Trial
- Comparative Efficacy of Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of psychological interventions for reducing depressive symptoms among women experiencing perinatal depression: a systematic review.AJOG global reports · 2026Review
- Endocrine disorders linked to chronic kidney disease: Mechanisms and clinical implications.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- Supplementary approaches to perinatal depression: a review of pathogenesis, herbal interventions, and dietary supplements.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- The pathophysiology of estrogen in perinatal depression: conceptual update.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Review
- Current pharmacotherapy approaches and novel GABAergic antidepressant development in postpartum depression.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2023Review
- Development of neuroactive steroids for the treatment of postpartum depression.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2022Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Shuganjieyu Capsule Alone or in Combination with Other Antidepressants in the Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Meta-Analysis.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Review
- Advances in pharmacotherapy for postpartum depression: a structured review of standard-of-care antidepressants and novel neuroactive steroid antidepressants.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Article
- Progesterone, reproduction, and psychiatric illness.Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology · 2020Review
- Pharmacological sex hormone manipulation as a risk model for depression.Journal of neuroscience research · 2020Review
- Is Postpartum Depression Different From Depression Occurring Outside of the Perinatal Period? A Review of the Evidence.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing) · 2020Review
- Hypothalamic Gene Expression and Postpartum Behavior in a Genetic Rat Model of Depression.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Article
- Pharmacotherapy of Postpartum Depression: Current Approaches and Novel Drug Development.CNS drugs · 2019Review
- The association of serum C-reactive protein with the occurrence and course of postpartum depression.Archives of women's mental health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Postpartum depression occurs in 14.5% of women in the first 3 months after birth. This study was an 8-week acute phase randomized trial with 3 cells (transdermal estradiol [E2], sertraline [SERT], and placebo [PL]) for the treatment of postpartum major depressive disorder. However, the study was stopped after batch analysis revealed that the E2 serum concentrations were lower than prestudy projections. This paper explores our experiences that will inform future investigations of therapeutic E2 use. Explanations for the low E2 concentrations were as follows: (1) study patch nonadhesion, which did not explain the low concentrations across the entire sample. (2) Ineffective transdermal patch preparations, although 2 different patch preparations were used and no significant main effect of patch type on E2 concentrations was found. (3) Obesity, at study entry, E2-treated women had body mass index of 32.9 (7.4) (mean [SD]). No pharmacokinetic data comparing E2 concentrations from transdermal patches in obese women versus normal weight controls are available. (4) Induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 3A4 and other E2 elimination pathways in pregnancy. CYP4503A4 is induced in pregnancy and is a pathway for the metabolism of E2. Conversion to estrone and phase II metabolism via glucuronidation and sulfation, which also increase in pregnancy, are routes of E2 elimination. The time required for these pathways to normalize after delivery has not been elucidated. The observation that transdermal E2 doses greater than 100 μg/d did not increase serum concentrations was unexpected. Another hypothesis consistent with this observation is suppression of endogenous E2 secretion with increasing exogenous E2 dosing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.