ArticlePloS one2015
The Effects of Aging, Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Computerized Trail-Making Test Performance.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Quantitative Automated Lesion Detection of TBI
Computerized Tests of Cognitive Decline in Presymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Response Time Measures as Supplementary Validity Indicators in Forced-Choice Recognition Memory Performance Validity Tests: A Systematic Review.Neuropsychology review · 2022Pooled it
- The Effects of Light Therapy on Cognitive Function and Stress in Women With Breast Cancer Before Systemic Treatment.Cancer medicine · 2025Trial
- Effects of intermittent exercise during prolonged sitting on executive function, cerebrovascular, and psychological response: a randomized crossover trial.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Trial
- Leg Fidgeting Improves Executive Function following Prolonged Sitting with a Typical Western Meal: A Randomized, Controlled Cross-Over Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Investigating visual search mechanisms and enhancing the diagnostic potential of the trail making test using eTMT.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Normative Data for the D-KEFS Color-Word Interference and Trail Making Tests Adapted in Greek Adult Population 20-49 Years Old.NeuroSci · 2024Article
- Wearable Sensor-Based Assessments for Remotely Screening Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Observational
- Cognitive screening test for rehabilitation using spatiotemporal data extracted from a digital trail making test part-A.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Article
- Biological and psychological predictors of cognitive function in breast cancer patients before surgery.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Article
- Sleep/wake regularity influences how stress shapes executive function.Frontiers in sleep · 2024Article
- Microstructural and Metabolic Changes in Normal Aging Human Brain Studied with Combined Whole-Brain MR Spectroscopic Imaging and Quantitative MR Imaging.Clinical neuroradiology · 2023Article
- Astrogliosis marker 11C-SL25.1188 PET in traumatic brain injury with persistent symptoms.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Tools for the Assessment of Risk-Taking Behavior in Older Adults with Mild Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Musical Expertise and Executive Functions in Experienced Musicians.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- The California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB).Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Unveiling Trail Making Test: visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Projection of Damaged Visual and Language Regions on Low Trail Making Test Part-B Performance in Stroke Patients.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- The Brain Metabolic Signature in Superagers Using In VivoAJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2021Article
- Consistency and applicability of different brief screen instrument of cognitive function in elderly population.BMC neurology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The trail making test (TMT) is widely used to assess speed of processing and executive function. However, normative data sets gathered at different sites show significant inconsistencies. Here, we describe a computerized version of the TMT (C-TMT) that increases the precision and replicability of the TMT by permitting a segment-by-segment analysis of performance and separate analyses of dwell-time, move-time, and error time. Experiment 1 examined 165 subjects of various ages and found that completion times on both the C-TMT-A (where subjects connect successively numbered circles) and the C-TMT-B (where subjects connect circles containing alternating letters and numbers) were strongly influenced by age. Experiment 2 examined 50 subjects who underwent three test sessions. The results of the first test session were well fit by the normative data gathered in Experiment 1. Sessions 2 and 3 demonstrated significant learning effects, particularly on the C-TMT-B, and showed good test-retest reliability. Experiment 3 examined performance in subjects instructed to feign symptoms of traumatic brain injury: 44% of subjects produced abnormal completion times on the C-TMT-A, and 18% on the C-TMT-B. Malingering subjects could be distinguished from abnormally slow controls based on (1) disproportionate increases in dwell-time on the C-TMT-A, and (2) greater deficits on the C-TMT-A than on the C-TMT-B. Experiment 4 examined the performance of 28 patients with traumatic brain injury: C-TMT-B completion times were slowed, and TBI patients showed reduced movement velocities on both tests. The C-TMT improves the reliability and sensitivity of the trail making test of processing speed and executive function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.