ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2015
Use of Acid Suppression Medication is Associated With Risk for C. difficile Infection in Infants and Children: A Population-based Study.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gastrointestinal microbiota alterations associated with pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor exposure: a systematic review of microbiome changes, dysbiosis markers, and associated clinical outcomes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Magnitude and direction of the association between Clostridium difficile infection and proton pump inhibitors in adults and pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitor therapy may alter the sensory motor characteristics of pharyngoesophageal motility in infants with suspected GERD.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2024Trial
- The Influence of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Fecal Microbiome of Infants with Gastroesophageal Reflux-A Prospective Longitudinal Interventional Study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Trial
- Reducing co-administration of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics using a computerized order entry alert and prospective audit and feedback.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Secondary Oral Vancomycin Prophylaxis andOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Infant Acid-Suppressant Medication, C. difficile Colonisation, and Childhood Body Mass Index in a Canadian Cohort.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Clostridioides difficile infection in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in a tertiary hospital setting.PloS one · 2025Article
- Clostridioides difficile Infections: Prevention and Treatment Strategies.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Current gastroenterology reports · 2023Review
- Clinical use of gastric antisecretory drugs in pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a narrative review.Translational pediatrics · 2023Review
- Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on the Pediatric Population with Aerodigestive Disease.The Journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Current and future applications of fecal microbiota transplantation for children.Biomedical journal · 2022Review
- Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Immunocompromised Children.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2021Article
- Acid-Suppressive Drugs and Risk of Fracture in Children and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Article
- The Impact of the American Academy of Pediatrics Brief Resolved Unexplained Event Guidelines on Gastrointestinal Testing and Prescribing Practices.The Journal of pediatrics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAcid suppression medication is associated with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults and is increasingly prescribed to children. This study evaluated the relationship between acid suppression medication and incident CDI in children.
methodsThis was a population-based, nested case-control study. Patients were eligible if they were aged 0-17 years with 3 or more visits or 1 year or more of follow-up in the dataset. Patients were excluded if they had comorbidities that associate with CDI and might also associate with acid suppression medication. Patients with codes for CDI were matched 1:5 with control patients by age, sex, medical practice, time of entry into the dataset, and follow-up time. The primary exposure was use of acid suppression medication with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) within 8-90 days.
resultsWe identified 650 CDI cases and 3200 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CDI and acid suppression medication was 7.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24-18.1). Acid suppression medication was associated with CDI in infants aged <1 year (OR, 5.24; 95% CI, 1.13-24.4) and children aged 1-17 years (OR, 9.33; 95% CI, 3.25-26.8). There was increased risk for CDI with PPIs compared with H2RAs and with recent compared with distant exposure.
conclusionsAcid suppression medication associated with CDI in infants and children in the outpatient setting, with an effect based on medication timing. Increased risk for CDI should be factored into the decision to use acid suppression medication in children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.