ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
TOE1 is an inhibitor of HIV-1 replication with cell-penetrating capability.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pontocerebellar hypoplasia linked mutations of the deadenylase Target of EGR1 (TOE1) impair thermal stability, ribonuclease activity, and oligomerization.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- TOE1 is a β-catenin interacting protein regulating the proliferation of hematopoietic cells through PAK2 modulation.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Biochemical characterizations of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia linked mutations of Target of Egr1 (TOE1) reveal impacts on thermal stability, ribonuclease activity, and oligomerization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- ZFP36 Facilitates Senecavirus A (SVA) replication by inhibiting the production of type I interferon.Virus research · 2024Article
- Review
- Cell-Penetrating Antimicrobial Peptides with Anti-Infective Activity against Intracellular Pathogens.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Zinc Finger Protein ZFP36L1 Inhibits Flavivirus Infection by both 5'-3' XRN1 and 3'-5' RNA-Exosome RNA Decay Pathways.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Latency ReversalFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- The CD8Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Canonical Wnts Mediate CD8Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Zinc finger protein ZFP36L1 inhibits influenza A virus through translational repression by targeting HA, M and NS RNA transcripts.Nucleic acids research · 2020Article
- Computer-Assisted and Data Driven Approaches for Surveillance, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Design for the Zika Virus.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Towards multiscale modeling of the CD8Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine · 2019Review
- The Tat inhibitor didehydro-cortistatin A suppresses SIV replication and reactivation.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2019Article
- Discovery of another anti-HIV protein in the search for the CD8+ cell anti-HIV Factor.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Target of Egr1 (TOE1) is a nuclear protein localized primarily in nucleoli and Cajal bodies that was identified as a downstream target of the immediate early gene Egr1. TOE1 displays a functional deadenylation domain and has been shown to participate in spliceosome assembly. We report here that TOE1 can function as an inhibitor of HIV-1 replication and show evidence that supports a direct interaction of TOE1 with the viral specific transactivator response element as part of the inhibitory mechanism. In addition, we show that TOE1 can be secreted by activated CD8(+) T lymphocytes and can be cleaved by the serine protease granzyme B, one of the main components of cytotoxic granules. Both full-length and cleaved TOE1 can spontaneously cross the plasma membrane and penetrate cells in culture, retaining HIV-1 inhibitory activity. Antiviral potency of TOE1 and its cell-penetrating capability have been identified to lie within a 35-amino-acid region containing the nuclear localization sequence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.