Trial reportObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2015
Effect of reducing portion size at a compulsory meal on later energy intake, gut hormones, and appetite in overweight adults.
Trial report in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Downsizing food: a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of reducing served food portion sizes on daily energy intake and body weight.The British journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Impact of decreasing the proportion of higher energy foods and reducing portion sizes on food purchased in worksite cafeterias: A stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2021Trial
- Reductions to main meal portion sizes reduce daily energy intake regardless of perceived normality of portion size: a 5 day cross-over laboratory experiment.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Big breakfast diet composition impacts on appetite control and gut health: a randomised weight loss trial in adults with overweight or obesity.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Portion Estimation, Satiety Perception and Energy Intake Following Different Breakfast Portion Sizes in Healthy Adults.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- Discordance between gut-derived appetite hormones and energy intake in humans.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Expected values for gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormone concentrations in healthy volunteers in the fasting and postprandial state.Annals of clinical biochemistry · 2021Article
- When a portion becomes a norm: Exposure to a smaller vs. larger portion of food affects later food intake.Food quality and preference · 2019Article
- Function and mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones in metabolism.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2019Review
- Visual perceptions of portion size normality and intended food consumption: A norm range model.Food quality and preference · 2019Article
- (Over)eating out at major UK restaurant chains: observational study of energy content of main meals.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Observational
- Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3⁻5-year-old Children?Nutrients · 2018Article
- Understanding the science of portion control and the art of downsizing.The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · 2018Review
- The effect of a portion size intervention on French fries consumption, plate waste, satiety and compensatory caloric intake: an on-campus restaurant experiment.Nutrition journal · 2018Article
- Portion Size: Latest Developments and Interventions.Current obesity reports · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveLarger portion sizes (PS) are associated with greater energy intake (EI), but little evidence exists on the appetitive effects of PS reduction. This study investigated the impact of reducing breakfast PS on subsequent EI, postprandial gastrointestinal hormone responses, and appetite ratings.
methodsIn a randomized crossover design (n = 33 adults; mean BMI 29 kg/m(2) ), a compulsory breakfast was based on 25% of gender-specific estimated daily energy requirements; PS was reduced by 20% and 40%. EI was measured at an ad libitum lunch (240 min) and snack (360 min) and by weighed diet diaries until bed. Blood was sampled until lunch in 20 participants. Appetite ratings were measured using visual analogue scales.
resultsEI at lunch (control: 2,930 ± 203; 20% reduction: 2,853 ± 198; 40% reduction: 2,911 ± 179 kJ) and over the whole day except breakfast (control: 7,374 ± 361; 20% reduction: 7,566 ± 468; 40% reduction: 7,413 ± 417 kJ) did not differ. Postprandial PYY, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and fullness profiles were lower and hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption higher following 40% reduction compared to control. Appetite ratings profiles, but not hormone concentrations, were associated with subsequent EI.
conclusionsSmaller portions at breakfast led to reductions in gastrointestinal hormone secretion but did not affect subsequent energy intake, suggesting small reductions in portion size may be a useful strategy to constrain EI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.