ArticlePloS one2015
The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Nutrition: The Therapeutic Promise of Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Against Bacterial and Viral Threats.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of Tabamide A and Its Structural Derivatives against Influenza Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Marine Bioactive Compounds Derived from Macroalgae as New Potential Players in Drug Delivery Systems: A Review.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Antiviral Activity and Mechanisms of Seaweeds Bioactive Compounds on Enveloped Viruses-A Review.Marine drugs · 2022Review
- Review
- Advances in Research on Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweeds.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Antiviral Polymers: A Review.Polymers · 2022Review
- Review
- Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Review
- Carrageenan nasal spray may double the rate of recovery from coronavirus and influenza virus infections: Re-analysis of randomized trial data.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2021Article
- Antiviral Activity of Carrageenans and Processing Implications.Marine drugs · 2021Review
- Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis.Algal research · 2021Article
- Recent Advances in Chemically-Modified and Hybrid Carrageenan-Based Platforms for Drug Delivery, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering.Polymers · 2021Review
- Article
- Article
- Carrageenan: Drug Delivery Systems and Other Biomedical Applications.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- The Potential of Algal Biotechnology to Produce Antiviral Compounds and Biopharmaceuticals.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Carrageenans as Broad-Spectrum Microbicides: Current Status and Challenges.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Oral Fucoidan Attenuates Lung Pathology and Clinical Signs in a Severe Influenza a Mouse Model.Marine drugs · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCarrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. Thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug Zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation suitable for intranasal application was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. PRINCIPAL
findingsWe show in-vitro that carrageenan and Zanamivir act synergistically against several influenza A virus strains (H1N1(09)pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7). Moreover, we demonstrate in a lethal influenza model with a low pathogenic H7N7 virus (HA closely related to the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus) and a H1N1(09)pdm influenza virus in C57BL/6 mice that the combined use of both compounds significantly increases survival of infected animals in comparison with both mono-therapies or placebo. Remarkably, this benefit is maintained even when the treatment starts up to 72 hours post infection.
conclusionA nasal spray containing carrageenan and Zanamivir should therefore be tested for prevention and treatment of uncomplicated influenza in clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.