ArticleScientific reports2015
Evolution of extreme stomach pH in bilateria inferred from gastric alkalization mechanisms in basal deuterostomes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond mammals: the evolution of chewing and other forms of oropharyngeal food processing in vertebrates.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Lack of gastric acidification reduces postprandial energy expenditure and protein digestion but not growth in Astyanax mexicanus.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Gene expression and enzyme activity analysis of carbohydrate digestion in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus larvae.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Article
- Tunable Oxidized-Chitin Hydrogels with Customizable Mechanical Properties by Metal or Hydrogen Ion Exposure.Marine drugs · 2024Article
- Differential roles of the fish chitinous membrane in gut barrier immunity and digestive compartments.EMBO reports · 2023Article
- Carbonic anhydrases in development: morphological observations and gene expression profiling in sea urchin embryos exposed to acetazolamide.Open biology · 2023Article
- An otopetrin family proton channel promotes cellular acid efflux critical for biomineralization in a marine calcifier.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Analysis of microbiota in the stomach and midgut of two penaeid shrimps during probiotic feeding.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Cellular bicarbonate accumulation and vesicular proton transport promote calcification in the sea urchin larva.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Whole-Genome Resequencing of TwentyBioMed research international · 2020Article
- Electrophysiological evidence for light-activated cation transport in calcifying corals.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Chitin-based barrier immunity and its loss predated mucus-colonization by indigenous gut microbiota.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Phagocytic intracellular digestion in amphioxus (Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- Article
- Increased fitness of a key appendicularian zooplankton species under warmer, acidified seawater conditions.PloS one · 2018Article
- Variability in larval gut pH regulation defines sensitivity to ocean acidification in six species of the Ambulacraria superphylum.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2017Article
- Genomic Characterization of the Evolutionary Potential of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Facing Ocean Acidification.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The stomachs of most vertebrates operate at an acidic pH of 2 generated by the gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase located in parietal cells. The acidic pH in stomachs of vertebrates is believed to aid digestion and to protect against environmental pathogens. Little attention has been placed on whether acidic gastric pH regulation is a vertebrate character or a deuterostome ancestral trait. Here, we report alkaline conditions up to pH 10.5 in the larval digestive systems of ambulacraria (echinoderm + hemichordate), the closest relative of the chordate. Microelectrode measurements in combination with specific inhibitors for acid-base transporters and ion pumps demonstrated that the gastric alkalization machinery in sea urchin larvae is mainly based on direct H(+) secretion from the stomach lumen and involves a conserved set of ion pumps and transporters. Hemichordate larvae additionally utilized HCO3(-) transport pathways to generate even more alkaline digestive conditions. Molecular analyses in combination with acidification experiments supported these findings and identified genes coding for ion pumps energizing gastric alkalization. Given that insect larval guts were also reported to be alkaline, our discovery raises the hypothesis that the bilaterian ancestor utilized alkaline digestive system while the vertebrate lineage has evolved a strategy to strongly acidify their stomachs.
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