ArticlePloS one2015
Performance development in adolescent track and field athletes according to age, sex and sport discipline.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Upper- and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.European journal of sport science · 2025Pooled it
- The development of physical characteristics in adolescent team sport athletes: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Alone or Combined on Hormonal Adaptations and Cytokines in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of Resistance Training on Change-of-Direction Speed in Youth and Young Physically Active and Athletic Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training in Female Youth: Its Effect on Muscular Strength, and Shortcomings in the Literature.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Pooled it
- Sprint mechanical variables in elite athletes: Are force-velocity profiles sport specific or individual?PloS one · 2019Trial
- Weighted total genotype score associated with knee ligament injury incidence in adolescent female basketball athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Standardizing ischemic preconditioning research in applied exercise physiology.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- Bone stress injuries in elite runners: intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors in Italian track and field athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Sprint performance changes in adolescent athletes following a 6-week elastic resistance training program: a preliminary field study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- EXcellence and PERformance in Track and Field (EXPERT)-A Mixed-Longitudinal Study on Growth, Biological Maturation, Performance, and Health in Young Athletes: Rationale, Design, and Methods (Part 1).Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Morphological and Neuromuscular Profiles of U-15 Colombian Basketball Players.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Peak performance characteristics and key competition factors of elite speed skaters based on longitudinal data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Associations Between Bone Age, Body Composition and Physical Performance in Icelandic 12-Year-Old Female Soccer Players.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Age and Sex Differences in Physical Performance Among Adolescent Team Sport Athletes.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- The role of androgens and global and tissue-specific androgen receptor expression on body composition, exercise adaptation, and performance.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Relative Age Effect Among World-Class Jump Athletes.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2025Article
- Talent Identification: Time to Move Forward on Estimation of Potentials? Proposed Explanations and Promising Methods.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- The development of the performance sex gap in track-and-field events across the lifespan.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Gender Differences and Performance Changes in Sprinting and Long Jump Among Young Athletes.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSex-specific differences that arise during puberty have a pronounced effect on the training process. However, the consequences this should have for goal-setting, planning and implementation of training for boys and girls of different ages remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to quantify performance developments in athletic running and jumping disciplines in the age range 11-18 and identify progression differences as a function of age, discipline and sex.
methodsThe 100 all-time best Norwegian male and female 60-m, 800-m, long jump and high jump athletes in each age category from 11 to 18 years were analysed using mixed models with random intercept according to athlete.
resultsMale and female athletes perform almost equally in running and jumping events up to the age of 12. Beyond this age, males outperform females. Relative annual performance development in females gradually decreases throughout the analyzed age period. In males, annual relative performance development accelerates up to the age of 13 (for running events) or 14 (for jumping events) and then gradually declines when approaching 18 years of age. The relative improvement from age 11 to 18 was twice as high in jumping events compared to running events. For all of the analyzed disciplines, overall improvement rates were >50% higher for males than for females. The performance sex difference evolves from < 5% to 10-18% in all the analyzed disciplines from age 11 to 18 yr.
conclusionTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to present absolute and relative annual performance developments in running and jumping events for competitive athletes from early to late adolescence. These results allow coaches and athletes to set realistic goals and prescribe conditioning programs that take into account sex-specific differences in the rate of performance development at different stages of maturation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.