SynthesisPloS one2015
Risk of community-acquired pneumonia with outpatient proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 322 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitors slightly decrease the severity of chronic cough.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Is Not Strongly Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Related Outcomes: A Nationwide Study and Meta-analysis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2021Pooled it
- Proton Pump Inhibitors: Current Use and the Risk of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 Development and its Related Mortality. Meta-analysis.Archives of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- The association between acid-suppressive agent use and the risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2019Pooled it
- Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2017Pooled it
- Guideline
- Laparoscopic fundoplication surgery versus medical management for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Immediate discontinuation versus gradual tapering of proton pump inhibitors in long-term users: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Trial
- Treatment with vonoprazan for 3 weeks is not inferior to 8 weeks for the management of gastric ESD: a multicenter noninferiority randomized study.Journal of gastroenterology · 2023Trial
- Strategies for discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with long-term PPI administration: a randomized controlled trial.BMC gastroenterology · 2022Trial
- Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of omeprazole in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Thorax · 2019Trial
- Novel Implementation of Genotype-Guided Proton Pump Inhibitor Medication Therapy in Children: A Pilot, Randomized, Multisite Pragmatic Trial.Clinical and translational science · 2019Trial
- Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitors in Lung Transplant Recipients: Near-Universal Use Without Clear Impact on Clinical Outcomes Over a 20-Year Observational Study.Clinical transplantation · 2026Observational
- Pharmacomicrobiomics of Non-Antibiotic Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Gut Microbiota Alterations.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Comparative risk of pneumonia and acute exacerbation between P-CAB and PPI use in patients with COPD and GERD.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness of RefluxStop for gastroesophageal reflux disease: analysis from an Italian healthcare perspective.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Cost-Effectiveness of RefluxStop Versus Nissen Fundoplication and Proton Pump Inhibitors for Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Spanish Healthcare Perspective.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Short-term corticosteroid therapy in aspiration pneumonitis complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome: A case report.Medicine · 2026Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most frequently prescribed medications. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause of morbidity, mortality and healthcare spending. Some studies suggest an increased risk of CAP among PPI users. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between outpatient PPI therapy and risk of CAP in adults.
methodsWe conducted systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science on February 3, 2014. Case-control studies, case-crossover, cohort studies and randomized controlled trials reporting outpatient PPI exposure and CAP diagnosis for patients ≥18 years old were eligible. Our primary outcome was the association between CAP and PPI therapy. A secondary outcome examined the risk of hospitalization for CAP and subgroup analyses evaluated the association between PPI use and CAP among patients of different age groups, by different PPI doses, and by different durations of PPI therapy.
resultsSystematic review of 33 studies was performed, of which 26 studies were included in the meta-analysis. These 26 studies included 226,769 cases of CAP among 6,351,656 participants. We observed a pooled risk of CAP with ambulatory PPI therapy of 1.49 (95% CI 1.16, 1.92; I2 99.2%). This risk was increased during the first month of therapy (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.39, 3.16), regardless of PPI dose or patient age. PPI therapy also increased risk for hospitalization for CAP (OR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.31). DISCUSSION: Outpatient PPI use is associated with a 1.5-fold increased risk of CAP, with the highest risk within the first 30 days after initiation of therapy. Providers should be aware of this risk when considering PPI use, especially in cases where alternative regimens may be available or the benefits of PPI use are uncertain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.