ReviewJournal of clinical and experimental hepatology2015
Neuroinflammation in hepatic encephalopathy: mechanistic aspects.
Review in Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of a specificWorld journal of hepatology · 2022Trial
- Uncovering immune dysfunction in ACLF: Cellular mechanisms, molecular pathways, and therapeutic frontiers.Journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Acetaminophen-induced liver injury triggers short- and long-term neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and behavioral deficits in a genetic mouse model of autism.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Hepatic Encephalopathy Severity and Mortality Risk Stratification in Alcohol-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights into the liver-brain axis during chronic liver disease.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Dysfunction in Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from a Preliminary Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- C-Reactive Protein Levels Predict Improvement in the Liver Functional Reserve by Long-Term Rifaximin Treatment.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impact of agmatine on cerebral astrocyte reactivity, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress in bile duct-ligated rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- TLR-4/Notch1/NF-κB pathway modulation by dapagliflozin: a novel mechanism for neuroprotection in hepatic encephalopathy.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Antagonist MIA-690 as a Cognitive Modulator in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Management of hepatic encephalopathy following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Current strategies and future directions.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Edaravone reduces brain injury in hepatic encephalopathy by upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB, iNOS/NO and inflammatory cytokines.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy.Journal of immunology research · 2025Review
- Linking Brain and Immune Transcriptomes to Gut-Derived Metabolites in Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Explorative Integrative Multi-Omics Approach.Hepatic medicine : evidence and research · 2025Article
- Activation of the kynurenine pathway identified in individuals with covert hepatic encephalopathy.Hepatology communications · 2024Article
- Ammonia-induced stress response in liver disease progression and hepatic encephalopathy.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2024Review
- Article
- Effect of an Autotaxin Inhibitor, 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-8-pentylimidazo[1,2-ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- Mitochondrial Changes in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Relation to the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.Neurochemical research · 2024Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neurological complication of severe liver disease that presents in acute and chronic forms. While elevated brain ammonia level is known to be a major etiological factor in this disorder, recent studies have shown a significant role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic HE. This review summarizes the involvement of ammonia in the activation of microglia, as well as the means by which ammonia triggers inflammatory responses in these cells. Additionally, the role of ammonia in stimulating inflammatory events in brain endothelial cells (ECs), likely through the activation of the toll-like receptor-4 and the associated production of cytokines, as well as the stimulation of various inflammatory factors in ECs and in astrocytes, are discussed. This review also summarizes the inflammatory mechanisms by which activation of ECs and microglia impact on astrocytes leading to their dysfunction, ultimately contributing to astrocyte swelling/brain edema in acute HE. The role of microglial activation and its contribution to the progression of neurobehavioral abnormalities in chronic HE are also briefly presented. We posit that a better understanding of the inflammatory events associated with acute and chronic HE will uncover novel therapeutic targets useful in the treatment of patients afflicted with HE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.