ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2015
Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Functional Deconstruction of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lipids
Skin Lipid Profiles in Term and Preterm Infants
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk.Nutrition reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Postprandial metabolic response of breast-fed infants and infants fed lactose-free vs regular infant formula: A randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- A pectin-based formulation protects milk fat globule membranes in stored human milk.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Automated, targeted, NMR spectral profiling of human breast milk.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Small metabolites vary in sow milk across the course of lactation, while moringa supplementation and cooling sows exposed to heat stress conditions have limited effects.Translational animal science · 2026Article
- From Mother to Baby: The Role of Human Milk Vitamins in Infant Body Development and Breast Milk Jaundice-An Observational Study.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and Future Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Health-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Maternal obesity, age and infant sex influence the profiles of amino acids, energetic metabolites, sugars, and fatty acids in human milk.European journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Evaluating Metabolic Profiling of Human Milk Using Biocrates MxPMetabolites · 2025Article
- Microbiota from human infants consuming secretors or non-secretors mothers' milk impacts the gut and immune system in mice.mSystems · 2024Article
- The Umbilical Cord Creatine Flux and Time Course of Human Milk Creatine across Lactation.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Creation of a milk oligosaccharide database, MilkOligoDB, reveals common structural motifs and extensive diversity across mammals.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Metabolomics can provide new insights into perinatal nutrition.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2023Review
- Utilizing theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Safety of 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt produced by derivative strains ofEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
- Safety of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) produced by a derivative strain (APC199) ofEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
- Article
- Infant intakes of human milk branched chain amino acids are negatively associated with infant growth and influenced by maternal body mass index.Pediatric obesity · 2022Article
- Safety of lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) produced by derivative strains ofEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
- Safety of 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt produced by derivative strains ofEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHuman milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation.
objectiveThe objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants.
methods(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples.
resultsBy using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk.
conclusionOverall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.