ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2015
Cytokine Profiles from Antigen-Stimulated Whole-Blood Samples among Patients with Pulmonary or Nonmeningeal Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis, United States.Emerging infectious diseases · 2017Pooled it
- Exhausted T cell phenotypes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Th2 skewing in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Exhausted T cell phenotypes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Type-2 immune skewing in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Coccidioidomycosis: a growing global concern.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Review
- Challenges to Implementing a Vaccine for Coccidioidomycosis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Cytokine Expression of Lung Bacterial Infection in Newly Diagnosed Adult Hematological Malignancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Coccidioidomycosis: Changing Concepts and Knowledge Gaps.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Treated with Interferon-γ and Dupilumab.The New England journal of medicine · 2020Article
- Early Events in Coccidioidomycosis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- Immune Response to Coccidioidomycosis and the Development of a Vaccine.Microorganisms · 2017Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The outcome of coccidioidomycosis depends on a robust specific cellular immune response. A T-helper type 1 (Th1) cellular immune response has been previously associated with resolution of clinical illness. However, the precise elements of this response and whether cytokines not involved with the Th1 response play a role in coccidioidomycosis are not known. Whole-blood samples were obtained from subjects with active coccidioidomycosis and controls and incubated for 18 h with T27K, a coccidioidal antigen preparation. The supernatant was then assayed for gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A. A total of 43 subjects, 16 with acute pneumonia, 9 with pulmonary sequelae of nodules and cavities, and 18 with nonmeningeal disseminated coccidioidomycosis, were studied. Compared to concentrations in healthy immune and nonimmune donors, the median concentration of IL-17A was significantly higher in those with active coccidioidomycosis (for both, P < 0.01). In addition, IL-6 concentrations were higher while IL-2 and IFN-γ concentrations were significantly lower in those with nonmeningeal disseminated disease diagnosed within 12 months than in those with acute pneumonia (for all, P < 0.05). The cytokine profile among patients with active coccidioidomycosis is distinct in that IL-17A is persistently present. In addition, those with nonmeningeal disseminated disease have an increased inflammatory cytokine response and diminished Th1 responses that modulate over time.
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Registered trials
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