ReviewJournal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology2015
A Review of the Toxicity of HIV Medications II: Interactions with Drugs and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products.
Review in Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to enhance HIV medication adherence among individuals using substances: a systematic review and critique of the literature.AIDS care · 2026Pooled it
- The transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV in heterosexual populations based on genetic sequences.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Need for Medication Review and Deprescribing in People Living with HIV: A Longitudinal Observational Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of acute THC challenge on behavior and neuroinflammation in HIV-1 Tg26 mice vary based on HIV status, chronic THC history, and sex.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Herbal Medicines and Drugs Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Responsibility.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Exploring the roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes and their inhibitors in cancers and non-neoplastic human diseases.Archives of pharmacal research · 2025Review
- Article
- Drug-Drug Interactions in Nosocomial Infections: An Updated Review for Clinicians.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Potential drug-drug interactions due to concomitant medicine use among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Australia.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Article
- Efavirenz: History, Development and Future.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Issues Related to the Treatment ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Review
- Review
- Provirus reactivation is impaired in HIV-1 infected individuals on treatment with dasatinib and antiretroviral therapy.Biochemical pharmacology · 2021Observational
- Article
- Potential of amentoflavone with antiviral properties in COVID-19 treatment.Asian biomedicine : research, reviews and news · 2021Review
- Drug-drug interactions with candidate medications used for COVID-19 treatment: An overview.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2021Review
- Prediction of potential drug interactions between repurposed COVID-19 and antitubercular drugs: an integrational approach of drug information software and computational techniques data.Therapeutic advances in drug safety · 2021Article
- Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic.Frontiers in public health · 2021Review
- Effect ofJournal of toxicology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For many patients today, HIV has become a chronic disease. For those patients who have access to and adhere to lifelong antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, the potential for drug-drug interactions has become a real and life-threatening concern. It is known that most ARV drug interactions occur through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway. Medications for comorbid medical conditions, holistic supplements, and illicit drugs can be affected by CYP inhibitors and inducers and have the potential to cause harm and toxicity. Protease inhibitors (PIs) tend to inhibit CYP3A4, while most non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) tend to induce the enzyme. As such, failure to adjust the dose of co-administered medications, such as statins and steroids, may lead to serious complications including rhabdomyolysis and hypercortisolism, respectively. Similarly, gastric acid blockers can decrease several ARV absorption, and warfarin doses may need to be adjusted to maintain therapeutic concentrations. Illicit drugs such as methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") in combination with PIs lead to increased toxicity, while the concomitant administration of sedative drugs such as midazolam and alprazolam in patients taking PIs can result in prolonged sedation, delayed recovery, and increased length of stay. Even supplements like St. John's Wort can alter PI concentrations. In theory, any drug that is metabolized by CYP has potential for a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction with all PIs, cobicistat, and most NNRTIs. When adding a new medication to an ARV regimen, use of a drug-drug interaction software and/or consultation with a clinical pharmacist/pharmacologist or HIV specialist is recommended.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.