ReviewNutrients2015
Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D.
Review in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04636086 (Vitamin D Supplementation and Covid-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 236 papers, 19 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vitamin D Supplementation and Covid-19: a Randomised, Double- Blind, Controlled Study
Who cites it
236 citing papers in PubMed, 19 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 486 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of stratified aggregate data.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill's Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Vitamin D status in children with mild, moderate, or severe confirmed COVID-19: systematic-review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Bone Mineral Density, Bone Biomarkers, and Joints in Acute, Post, and Long COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Vitamin D for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vitamin D for the management of asthma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Serum vitamin D levels and COVID-19 during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Factors associated with COVID-19 in people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of neurology · 2021Pooled it
- The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19.Nutrition reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D Modulation of the Innate Immune Response to Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens Associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- The role of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Epidemiology and health · 2021Pooled it
- Association Between Vitamin D and Influenza: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and Baseline Vitamin D Status on Acute Respiratory Infections and Cathelicidin: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
176 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. SCOPE: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. KEY
findingsVitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. FUTURE RESEARCH: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.