ArticlePloS one2015
Outbreak of uncommon O4 non-agglutinating Salmonella typhimurium linked to minced pork, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, January to April 2013.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of an Acid-Protective Polymer Encapsulation Formulation for Oral Delivery of Salmonella Phages.Viruses · 2025Article
- Causal Mediation Analysis of FoodbornePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Multi-locus sequence typing of Salmonella enterica isolates from dog treats and raw meat-based dog food in Japan.BMC research notes · 2024Article
- Tobramycin-resistant small colony variant mutant ofVirulence · 2024Article
- Review
- Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in food: which behaviour change strategies increase consumers' risk awareness and preventive food-handling behaviour?Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2021Article
- Investigation of a Salmonellosis Outbreak Caused by Multidrug ResistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union.Epidemiology and infection · 2017Review
- Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella Muenchen linked to pig farming in Germany, 2013 to 2014: Is something missing in our regulatory framework?Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2017Article
- Phenotypic and Genotypic Eligible Methods forFrontiers in microbiology · 2017Review
- Bacteriophage tailspike protein based assay to monitor phase variable glucosylations in Salmonella O-antigens.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
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Abstract
introductionIn January 2013, the National Reference Centre for Salmonella (NRC) detected a salmonellosis cluster in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, caused by uncommon O4 non-agglutinating, monophasic Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium DT193. Circulating predominant monophasic S. Typhimurium DT193 clones typically display resistance phenotype ASSuT. We investigated common exposures to control the outbreak, and conducted microbiological investigations to assess the strains' phenotype.
methodsWe conducted a case-control study defining cases as persons living or working in Saxony-Anhalt diagnosed with the O4 non-agglutinating strain between January and March 2013. We selected two controls contemporarily reported with norovirus infection, frequency-matched on residence and age group, per case. We interviewed regarding food consumption, especially pork and its place of purchase. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression. The NRC investigated human and food isolates by PCR, SDS-PAGE, MLST, PFGE, MLVA and susceptibility testing.
resultsAltogether, 68 O4 non-agglutinating human isolates were confirmed between January and April 2013. Of those, 61 were assigned to the outbreak (median age 57 years, 44% female); 83% cases ≥ 60 years were hospitalized. Eating raw minced pork from butcheries within 3 days was associated with disease (31 cases, 28 controls; OR adjusted for sex: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.0-13). Phage type DT193 and MLST ST34 were assigned, and isolates' lipopolysaccharide (LPS) matched control strains. Isolates linked to Saxony-Anhalt exhibited PFGE type 5. ASSuT- and ACSSuT phenotype proportions were 34 and 39% respectively; 54% were resistant to chloramphenicol. Three pork isolates matched the outbreak strain. DISCUSSION: Raw minced pork was the most likely infection vehicle in this first reported outbreak caused by O4 non-agglutinating, mostly chloramphenicol-resistant S. Typhimurium DT193. High hospitalization proportions demand awareness on the risk of consumption of raw pork among elderly. LPS analysis indicated O4 expression; therefore, testing with antisera from different lots is recommendable in unexpected agglutination reactions.
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