ArticleJournal of maxillofacial and oral surgery2015
A prospective study to assess the levels of interleukin-6 following administration of diclofenac, ketorolac and tramadol after surgical removal of lower third molars.
Article in Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03671746 (Inflammatory Response to Trauma - Does Early Cytokine Modulation Improve Patient Outcome), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Inflammatory Response to Trauma - Does Early Cytokine Modulation Improve Patient Outcome
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence-based safety profile of oral ketorolac in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024Pooled it
- Preferred practice patterns for photorefractive keratectomy surgery.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2020Guideline
- Variability in the Analgesic Response to Ibuprofen Is Associated With Cyclooxygenase Activation in Inflammatory Pain.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2019Trial
- Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after third molar surgery: A parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal · 2016Trial
- Establishment of a human 3D in vitro liver-bone model as a potential system for drug toxicity screening.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta stomatologica Croatica · 2024Article
- NSAIDs/nitazoxanide/azithromycin repurposed for COVID-19: potential mitigation of the cytokine storm interleukin-6 amplifier via immunomodulatory effects.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2022Article
- New Insights on Tramadol and Immunomodulation.Current oncology reports · 2021Review
- Further Evidence of Possible Therapeutic Uses ofPharmaceutics · 2020Article
- The harmful effects of acute PMScientific reports · 2019Article
- Comparative Study between Preemptive and Postoperative Intra-Articular Injection of Levobupivacaine and Tramadol for Control of Postoperative Pain.Anesthesia, essays and researchesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe surgical removal of impacted third molars involves, trauma to soft and bony tissue and can result in considerable pain, swelling, and trismus. The greater the amount of tissue injury the greater is the amount of inflammation in the perisurgical region. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is both a pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate the immune response. IL-6 is also an early marker of tissue damage. In addition to NSAIDs, corticosteroids, opioids also have immunomodulatory effects.
aimTo evaluate the changes in serum IL-6 levels following surgical removal of third molars under local anaesthesia after administration of two NSAIDs diclofenac and ketorolac and opioid tramadol post operatively.
methodsPatients undergoing surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received one of the three analgesics viz diclofenac 50 mg, ketorolac 10 mg and tramadol 50 mg. The mean levels of IL-6 was then estimated by ELISA.
resultsThe results of our study showed that all three drugs i.e. diclofenac, ketorolac and tramadol have properties which can downregulate the production of IL-6 in response to surgical trauma.
conclusionIt is of clinical significance that the suppression of IL-6 values occurs in tramadol group closely following the diclofenac group. Even though the drug ketorolac suppresses the IL-6 levels similar to diclofenac initially but after 7 days tramadol and ketorolac showed similarities in suppression of IL-6 expression which is less compared to diclofenac group.
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