ArticleVaccine2015
Proinflammatory cytokine responses correspond with subjective side effects after influenza virus vaccination.
Article in Vaccine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytokines Associated With Moderate and Severe Adverse Events During a Sporozoite Malaria Vaccine Trial With Controlled Human Malaria Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Effects of a mild inflammatory challenge on cytokines and sickness behavior: A randomized controlled trial using the influenza vaccine.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Trial
- A Randomized First-in-Human Study With UB-312, a UBITh® α-Synuclein Peptide Vaccine.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Trial
- Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Quadrivalent Subunit Influenza Vaccine in China: A Phase IV Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Post-Marketing Active Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Quadrivalent Subunit Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Participants Aged ≥ 3 Years in China.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated microRNA-192: An anti-inflammatory adjuvant that enhances vaccine efficacy in aged mice.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Inflammatory mechanisms of menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Development and application of a VNAR-based detection nanobody for avian influenza virus H9N2.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune System Alterations in Depression across Baseline and Flu Vaccine Challenge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Inflammatory reactivity is unrelated to childhood adversity or provoked modulation of nociception.Pain · 2025Article
- Interleukin 8 as a Causal Link Between Aging and Impaired Influenza Antibody Responses in Older Adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Decreased risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following influenza vaccine: a 20-year population-based retrospective study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Controlling reactogenicity while preserving immunogenicity from a self-amplifying RNA vaccine by modulating nucleocytoplasmic transport.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Turning stress into success: A festschrift in honor of Janice Kiecolt-Glaser.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Current Progress in the Science of Novel Adjuvant Nano-Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Characterizing the cellular and molecular variabilities of peripheral immune cells in healthy recipients of BBIBP-CorV inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by single-cell RNA sequencing.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Impact of sex and age on vaccine-related side effects and their progression after booster mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Next-Generation Adjuvants: Applying Engineering Methods to Create and Evaluate Novel Immunological Responses.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThough typically mild, side effects to the influenza virus vaccine are common and may contribute to negative perceptions including the belief that the vaccine can cause the flu. However, the extent to which subjective symptoms correspond with biological response indicators is poorly understood.
methodsThis study examined associations among subjective side effects (soreness at the site of injection and illness-like symptoms), serum proinflammatory cytokines and body temperature a baseline, 1, 2, and 3 days following receipt of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in a sample of 56 women 18-40 years in age.
resultsIn relation to local reactions, women reporting being very sore at the injection site at 1 day post-vaccination exhibited greater increases in serum TNF-α and MIF in the days following vaccination compared to those with no or mild soreness. In addition, higher basal body temperature was observed in this group compared to other groups (98.7°F versus 98.0-98.1°). In relation to systemic reactions, women endorsing illness-like symptoms (headache, fatigue, nausea, sore throat, dizziness, achiness, or mild fever) exhibited marginally higher IL-6 at baseline (p=0.055) and greater increases in serum MIF at 2 days post-vaccination than those reporting no systemic symptoms. Associations of systemic symptoms with inflammatory responses were not accounted for by concomitant local reactions. As expected, antibody responses to the vaccine were highly similar in women regardless of local or systemic symptoms.
conclusionsThese results are consistent with the notion that subjective reports of local and systemic reactions following vaccination may be predicted by and correspond with biological indicators of inflammatory status, but are not meaningful predictors of antibody responses. To improve adherence to vaccine recommendations, clinicians should provide assurance that such symptoms may be related to normal mild inflammatory responses to the vaccine and do not reflect immunogenicity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.