ArticleEpidemiology and infection2016
Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) reinfection in children in Anhui province.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Meta-Analysis of Influencing Factors for Reinfection of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in China, Based on Adjusted Effect Estimates.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hand, foot and mouth disease reinfection cases in a large district of southern China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Southwest China, 2009-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bayesian joint spatiotemporal modelling of primary infection and reinfection of HFMD at county level in Jiangsu, China, 2009-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Reinfection in Qingdao, China, from 2014 to 2022.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Article
- Joint estimation of hand-foot-mouth disease model and prediction in korea using the ensemble kalman filter.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of hand, foot and mouth disease reinfection cases in Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, China, 2009-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of mild hand, foot and mouth disease in children under 7 years old, Nanjing, China, 2010-2019.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2022Article
- Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Reinfection in Guangzhou, Southern China from 2012 to 2017.Iranian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Virological investigation of genetic variation of enterovirus type 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Associations between ambient air pollution and daily incidence of pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease in Ningbo, 2014-2016: a distributed lag nonlinear model.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Article
- Seasonality of the transmissibility of hand, foot and mouth disease: a modelling study in Xiamen City, China.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- VP1 of Enterovirus 71 Protects Mice Against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus B3 in Lethal Challenge Experiment.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Epidemiological characteristics and influential factors of hand, foot, and mouth disease reinfection in Wuxi, China, 2008-2016.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Reinfection hazard of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wuhan, China, using Cox-proportional hazard model.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Article
- Epidemic cycling in a multi-strain SIRS epidemic network model.Theoretical biology & medical modelling · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute contagious condition caused by a spectrum of human enteroviruses. HFMD reinfection is common in the absence of cross-protection from other virus subtypes. This study focused on reinfection in children in Anhui province, China between 2008 and 2013 using surveillance system data. We classified 8960 cases as reinfected, corresponding to a rate of 2·02%. The reinfection rate was higher in boys than in girls [odds ratio (OR) 1·27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·21-1·32, P < 0·001], children aged < 3 years (OR 3·82, 95% CI 3·58-4·07, P < 0·001), and children living in rural areas (OR 1·09, 95% CI 1·04-1·14, P = 0·001). The reinfection rate in children who were originally infected with non-enterovirus A71 (non-EVA71) enteroviruses was higher than those infected with EVA71 (OR 1·36, 95% CI 1·02-1·80, P = 0·034). Influential factors of reinfection rate included annual incidence (β coefficient = 0·715, P = 0·002) and the proportion of EVA71 in patients with mild HFMD (β coefficient = -0·509, P = 0·018). These results demonstrate that boys aged <3 years, especially those in rural areas or regions with a lower EVA71 proportion are more prone to reinfection, and specific health education programmes should be developed to protect these susceptible populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.