ArticleScience and engineering ethics2016
The Three Rs of Animal Research: What they Mean for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and Why.
Article in Science and engineering ethics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Review
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- A Human Brain-Chip for Modeling Brain Pathologies and Screening Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing Therapeutic Strategies.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Interdisciplinary Animal Research Ethics-Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
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- Akt/mTOR Pathway Agonist SC79 Inhibits Autophagy and Apoptosis of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Associated with Neonatal White Matter Dysplasia.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Use and Reuse of Animal Behavioral, Molecular, and Biochemical Data in Alzheimer's Disease Research: Focus on 3Rs and Saving People's Tax Dollars.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Review
- Revolutionizing adjuvant development: harnessing AI for next-generation cancer vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Dietary Intake of Chromista Oil Alters Hepatic Metabolomic Profile of Mice With Excess Fat Mass.Nutrition and metabolic insights · 2024Article
- Conceptual foundations for a clarified meaning of the 3Rs principles in animal experimentation.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2024Review
- Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome-Induced Pyroptosis via Nrf2: TBHQ Limits Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury in a Mouse Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.Inflammation · 2023Article
- Beyond animal models: revolutionizing neurodegenerative disease modeling using 3D in vitro organoids, microfluidic chips, and bioprinting.Cell and tissue research · 2023Review
- Pro-Apoptotic Activity and Cell Cycle Arrest ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- State-of-the-art review and update ofFrontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Making a case for the free exploratory paradigm: animal welfare-friendly assays that enhance heterozygosity and ecological validity.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is entrusted with assessing the ethics of proposed projects prior to approval of animal research. The role of the IACUC is detailed in legislation and binding rules, which are in turn inspired by the Three Rs: the principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. However, these principles are poorly defined. Although this provides the IACUC leeway in assessing a proposed project, it also affords little guidance. Our goal is to provide procedural and philosophical clarity to the IACUC without mandating a particular outcome. To do this, we analyze the underlying logic of the Three Rs and conclude that the Three Rs accord animals moral standing, though not necessarily "rights" in the philosophical sense. We suggest that the Rs are hierarchical, such that Replacement, which can totally eliminate harm, should be considered prior to Reduction, which decreases the number of animals harmed, with Refinement being considered last. We also identify the need for a hitherto implicit fourth R: Reject, which allows the IACUC to refuse permission for a project which does not promise sufficient benefit to offset the pain and distress likely to be caused by the proposed research.
Indexed as
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26026966What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.