ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2015
Localization of damage in progressive hydroxychloroquine retinopathy on and off the drug: inner versus outer retina, parafovea versus peripheral fovea.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Retinal microvasculature changes in long-term consumption of hydroxychloroquine.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Contrast Sensitivity and Colour Vision Tests for Early Detection and Monitoring of Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of deep learning-based retinal pigment epithelium segmentation for a widely used optical coherence tomography device.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Ellipsoid Zone Dynamics During Hydroxychloroquine Use.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Belimumab-driven reductions in retinal microvascular density assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography: insights from systemic lupus erythematosus patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Foveal Avascular Zone Area in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Acupuncture Combined with Periocular Injection for Treatment of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy with Cystoid Macular Edema: A Case Report.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2025Article
- Association between hydroxychloroquine intake and damage to the outer nuclear layer in eyes without manifest retinal toxicity.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Classification of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Literature Review and Proposal for Revision.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Automated Evaluation of Ellipsoid Zone At-Risk Burden for Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Cone Density Distribution and Related Factors in Patients Receiving Hydroxychloroquine Treatment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Systemic Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Therapy: One Year Follow-Up.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Review of Retinal Imaging Modalities for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Semi-Automated Analysis of Foveal Maturity in Premature and Full-Term Infants Using Handheld Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Observational
- Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Optical coherence tomography angiography features in a case of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits Quantification in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Clock-hour topography and extent of outer retinal damage in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Quantitative autofluorescence findings in patients undergoing hydroxychloroquine treatment.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine Causes Early Inner Retinal Toxicity and Affects Autophagosome-Lysosomal Pathway and Sphingolipid Metabolism in the Retina.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the relative involvement of inner and outer retina in hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy while on the drug, and after drug cessation, using data from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
methodsA total of 102 SD-OCT scans were obtained from 11 patients (classified as having early, moderate, or severe stages of toxicity) over a period of 4 years after cessation of HCQ. The inner and outer retina boundaries were identified automatically to measure thickness and characterize progression topographically.
resultsThe segmentation of retinal layers was verified in SD-OCT cross-sections for all eyes and scans included in this study (a total of 102 scans). Topographic analysis showed that inner retina was not involved in HCQ toxicity to any meaningful degree, either between stages of retinopathy or after the drug is stopped. The characteristic bull's eye pattern of outer macula thinning appears when comparing moderate retinopathy (before any RPE damage) to the early stage. Later damage, as toxicity evolved to a severe stage, was diffuse across most of the macula. If the drug was stopped at an early or moderate stage, progression was limited to the first year and occurred diffusely without parafoveal localization.
conclusionsHydroxychloroquine retinopathy primarily involves outer retina (photoreceptors). Outer retinal thinning while using HCQ initially involves the parafovea, but becomes diffuse across the macula as damage progresses or after drug cessation. When HCQ is stopped at an early or moderate stage (before RPE damage), progression seems to be limited to the first year.
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