ReviewNutrients2015
Apples and cardiovascular health--is the gut microbiota a core consideration?
Review in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Two apples a day modulate human:microbiome co-metabolic processing of polyphenols, tyrosine and tryptophan.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Comparative Bioavailability of Two Diosmin Formulations after Oral Administration to Healthy Volunteers.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Trial
- Article
- Apple consumption is associated with obesity- and lipid-related parameters and gut microbiota profiles across enterotypes: 12-week single-blind trial in Japanese adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Flavonoids in Plants and Human Health: From Biosynthesis to Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Linking the edible plant microbiome and human gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- The Effect of Apple and Pear Cultivars on In Vitro Fermentation with Human Faecal Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Valorisation of Beetroot Peel for the Development of Nutrient-Enriched Dehydrated Apple Snacks.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Sustainable Exploitation of Apple By-Products: A Retrospective Analysis of Pilot-Scale Extraction Tests Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fruit-Based Diet and Gut Health: A Review.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Prebiotics pectin and resistant starch-type 4 stimulate peptide YY and cholecystokinin to promote satiety, and improve gut microbiota composition.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Health-Improving Effects of Polyphenols on the Human Intestinal Microbiota: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dissipation and Dietary Risk Assessment of the Fungicide Pyraclostrobin in Apples Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Apple polysaccharide improves age-matched cognitive impairment and intestinal aging through microbiota-gut-brain axis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- 3D Camera and Single-Point Laser Sensor Integration for Apple Localization in Spindle-Type Orchard Systems.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A High-Efficiency Radio-Frequency-Assisted Hot-Air Drying Method for the Production of Restructured Bitter Melon and Apple Chips.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Correlation between fruit consumption and 10-year all-cause mortality in patients with dyslipidemia.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The Use of Fruit and Vegetable by-Products as Enhancers of Health Status of Piglets after Weaning: The Role of Bioactive Compounds from Apple and Carrot Industrial Wastes.Veterinary sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is now considerable scientific evidence that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can improve human health and protect against chronic diseases. However, it is not clear whether different fruits and vegetables have distinct beneficial effects. Apples are among the most frequently consumed fruits and a rich source of polyphenols and fiber. A major proportion of the bioactive components in apples, including the high molecular weight polyphenols, escape absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the large intestine relatively intact. There, they can be converted by the colonic microbiota to bioavailable and biologically active compounds with systemic effects, in addition to modulating microbial composition. Epidemiological studies have identified associations between frequent apple consumption and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Human and animal intervention studies demonstrate beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, vascular function and inflammation but only a few studies have attempted to link these mechanistically with the gut microbiota. This review will focus on the reciprocal interaction between apple components and the gut microbiota, the potential link to cardiovascular health and the possible mechanisms of action.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.