ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2015
Use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 203 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are natural estrogens used in contraception at lower risk of venous thromboembolism than synthetic ones? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2018Pooled it
- Oral Contraceptives Use and Liver Cancer Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Medicine · 2015Pooled it
- The joint effect of genetic risk factors and different types of combined oral contraceptives on venous thrombosis risk.British journal of haematology · 2020Trial
- Impact of Estetrol Combined with Drospirenone on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Patients with Endometriosis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisTrial
- Where are we in the diagnosis and treatment of hirsutism? A narrative review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Prescription trends for combined oral contraceptives and thromboembolism incidence in Japan before and after public awareness events in 2013-2015.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Clinical Consensus Statement: Perioperative Management of Prothrombotics, Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, DMARDs and Biologics in Elective Podiatric Surgery.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2026Article
- A detailed review of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of progestogens in oral contraception.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Bidirectional and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study of PCOS and VTE.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Predicting venous thromboembolism risk from endogenous thrombin potential-based normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio assay: toward early assessment of combined oral contraceptives.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Association Between Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Lipedema: A Cross-Sectional Study With 637 Brazilian Women.Cureus · 2025Article
- Estrogen and obesity synergistically suppress protein S via HIF1α, enhancing thrombosis potential.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Article
- Oral contraceptive pill phase alters mechanisms contributing to cutaneous microvascular function in response to local heating.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2025Article
- Anamnesis Checklist for Informed Oral Contraceptive Choices: A Spanish Perspective.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between the use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of systemic hypertension: A systematic review with statistical comparison between randomized clinical trial interventions.European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X · 2024Review
- Contraceptive Recommendations for Women with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Delphi Consensus.Advances in therapy · 2024Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the association between use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism, taking the type of progestogen into account.
designTwo nested case-control studies.
settingGeneral practices in the United Kingdom contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD; 618 practices) and QResearch primary care database (722 practices).
participantsWomen aged 15-49 years with a first diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in 2001-13, each matched with up to five controls by age, practice, and calendar year.
main outcome measuresOdds ratios for incident venous thromboembolism and use of combined oral contraceptives in the previous year, adjusted for smoking status, alcohol consumption, ethnic group, body mass index, comorbidities, and other contraceptive drugs. Results were combined across the two datasets.
results5062 cases of venous thromboembolism from CPRD and 5500 from QResearch were analysed. Current exposure to any combined oral contraceptive was associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (adjusted odds ratio 2.97, 95% confidence interval 2.78 to 3.17) compared with no exposure in the previous year. Corresponding risks associated with current exposure to desogestrel (4.28, 3.66 to 5.01), gestodene (3.64, 3.00 to 4.43), drospirenone (4.12, 3.43 to 4.96), and cyproterone (4.27, 3.57 to 5.11) were significantly higher than those for second generation contraceptives levonorgestrel (2.38, 2.18 to 2.59) and norethisterone (2.56, 2.15 to 3.06), and for norgestimate (2.53, 2.17 to 2.96). The number of extra cases of venous thromboembolism per year per 10,000 treated women was lowest for levonorgestrel (6, 95% confidence interval 5 to 7) and norgestimate (6, 5 to 8), and highest for desogestrel (14, 11 to 17) and cyproterone (14, 11 to 17).
conclusionsIn these population based, case-control studies using two large primary care databases, risks of venous thromboembolism associated with combined oral contraceptives were, with the exception of norgestimate, higher for newer drug preparations than for second generation drugs.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.