ArticlePloS one2015
Association between Self-Reported Smoking and Hemoglobin A1c in a Korean Population without Diabetes: The 2011-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patient empowerment and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.Medicine · 2026Article
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- The Association between Body Mass Index and Glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) in the US Population's Diabetes Status.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Association of Pulmonary Function Decline over Time with Longitudinal Change of Glycated Hemoglobin in Participants without Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Article
- Effect of a 2-hour interval between dinner and bedtime on glycated haemoglobin levels in middle-aged and elderly Japanese people: a longitudinal analysis of 3-year health check-up data.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2019Article
- Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Association between Cigarette Smoking Frequency and Health Factors among Korean Adults.Iranian journal of public health · 2018Article
- Serum Cotinine and Hemoglobin A1c Among a National Sample of Adolescents Without Known Diabetes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Article
- The Factors Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life in Stroke Survivors Age 40 and Older.Annals of rehabilitation medicine · 2017Article
- Substance Use Disorders among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Dangerous but Understudied Combination.Current diabetes reports · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSeveral Western studies have revealed that among non-diabetics, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are higher in smokers than non-smokers. While studies conducted in Western populations consistently support this association, a recent meta-analysis reported that studies carried out in non-Western populations, including studies of Chinese, Egyptian, and Japanese-Americans, did not detect any significant differences in HbA1c levels between smokers and non-smokers.
objectivesWe assessed the association between smoking habits and HbA1c levels in the general Korean adult population using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) performed in 2011-2012.
methodsA total of 10,241 participants (weighted n=33,946,561 including 16,769,320 men and 17,177,241 women) without diabetes were divided into four categories according to their smoking habits: never smokers (unweighted n/ weighted n=6,349/19,105,564), ex-smokers (unweighted n/ weighted n= 1,912/6,207,144), current light smokers (<15 cigarettes per day, unweighted n/ weighted n=1,205/5,130,073), and current heavy smokers (≥15 cigarettes per day, unweighted n/ weighted n=775/3,503,781).
resultsIn age- and gender-adjusted comparisons, the HbA1c levels of each group were 5.52 ± 0.01% in non-smokers, 5.49 ± 0.01% in ex-smokers, 5.53 ± 0.01% in light smokers, and 5.61 ± 0.02% in heavy smokers. HbA1c levels were significantly higher in light smokers than in ex-smokers (p = 0.033), and in heavy smokers compared with light smokers (p < 0.001). The significant differences remained after adjusting for age, gender, fasting plasma glucose, heavy alcohol drinking, hematocrit, college graduation, and waist circumference. Linear regression analyses for HbA1c using the above-mentioned variables as covariates revealed that a significant association between current smoking and HbA1c (coefficient 0.021, 95% CI 0.003-0.039, p = 0.019).
conclusionsCurrent smoking was independently associated with higher HbA1c levels in a cigarette exposure-dependent manner in a representative population of Korean non-diabetic adults. In this study, we have observed an association between smoking status and HbA1c levels in non-diabetics drawn from a non-Western population, consistent with previous findings in Western populations.
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