Trial reportPsychoneuroendocrinology2015
Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.
Trial report in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Estrogen Replacement Improves Verbal Memory and Executive Control in Oligomenorrheic/Amenorrheic Athletes in a Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Longitudinal untargeted metabolomics of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Estrogen Withdrawal-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Menopausal Women: Mechanisms and Prospects for Integrated Interventions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognition and depression in younger women: A systematic review.JRSM open · 2026Review
- Women's reproductive factors predict local brain aging profiles mapped using deep neural networks.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Association of Menstrual Cycle with Fronto-Striatal Connectivity and Delay Discounting.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Women's Brain Health: Midlife Ovarian Removal Affects Associative Memory.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Hormone-sleep interactions predict cerebellar connectivity and behavior in aging females.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Associations Between Midlife Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use, Incident Diabetes, and Late Life Memory in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Ovarian steroid hormones: A long overlooked but critical contributor to brain aging and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Associations between reproductive history, hormone use,Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- The regulatory roles of progesterone and estradiol on emotion processing in women.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2021Article
- Examining the role of ovarian hormones in the association between worry and working memory across the menstrual cycle.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in the Oxygenation of the Left and Right Prefrontal Cortex during Moderate-Intensity Exercise.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Changes in the regional homogeneity of resting-state magnetic resonance imaging in perimenopausal women.BMC women's health · 2021Article
- Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Women During Menopause Transition and Its Association With Cognitive Function and Serum Estradiol Level.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Executive functions predict verbal fluency scores in healthy participants.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?British journal of pharmacology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The effects of postmenopausal hormone treatment on cognitive outcomes are inconsistent in the literature. Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive effects are influenced by specific hormone formulations, and that progesterone is more likely to be associated with positive outcomes than synthetic progestin. There are very few studies of unopposed progesterone in postmenopausal women, and none that use functional neuroimaging, a sensitive measure of neurobiological function. In this study of 29 recently postmenopausal women, we used functional MRI and neuropsychological measures to separately assess the effects of estrogen or progesterone treatment on visual and verbal cognitive function. Women were randomized to receive 90 days of either estradiol or progesterone counterbalanced with placebo. After each treatment arm, women were given a battery of verbal and visual cognitive function and working memory tests, and underwent functional MRI including verbal processing and visual working memory tasks. We found that both estradiol and progesterone were associated with changes in activation patterns during verbal processing. Compared to placebo, women receiving estradiol treatment had greater activation in the left prefrontal cortex, a region associated with verbal processing and encoding. Progesterone was associated with changes in regional brain activation patterns during a visual memory task, with greater activation in the left prefrontal cortex and right hippocampus compared to placebo. Both treatments were associated with a statistically non-significant increase in number of words remembered following the verbal task performed during the fMRI scanning session, while only progesterone was associated with improved neuropsychological measures of verbal working memory compared to placebo. These results point to potential cognitive benefits of both estrogen and progesterone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.