ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2015
Few Drugs Display Flip-Flop Pharmacokinetics and These Are Primarily Associated with Classes 3 and 4 of the BDDCS.
Article in Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single-Dose Intravenous (ZTI-01) and Oral Fosfomycin in Healthy Volunteers.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2017Trial
- Population pharmacokinetics of DNDI-6148 in healthy adults.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Mathematical Modeling in Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics: Correct In Vitro, Not Always Valid In Vivo.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I in intestinal epithelium to promote glycemic control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Discovery of ATX968: An Orally Available Allosteric Inhibitor of DHX9.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Application of Kirchhoff's Laws to pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic analyses.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Determination of QLNC-3A6 in canine plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.The veterinary quarterly · 2024Article
- Comparable efficacy of oral bendamustine versus intravenous administration in treating hematologic malignancies.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2024Article
- Commentary: Pharmacokinetic Theory Must Consider Published Experimental Data.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2024Article
- Development and optimization of vildagliptin solid lipid nanoparticles loaded ocuserts for controlled ocular delivery: A promising approach towards treating diabetic retinopathy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2024Article
- An Explanation of Why Dose-Corrected Area Under the Curve for Alternate Administration Routes Can Be Greater than for Intravenous Dosing.The AAPS journal · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cephalexin in Healthy and Diseased Populations.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy and Impact on Small-Molecule Drugs, Biologic (Monoclonal Antibody) Disposition, and Response.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Review
- Dose-dependent bioavailability, absorption-rate limited elimination, and tissue distribution of the ATR inhibitor BAY-1895344 (elimusertib) in mice.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2022Article
- Anti-Rift Valley fever virus activity in vitro, pre-clinical pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of benzavir-2, a broad-acting antiviral compound.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- BDDCS, the Rule of 5 and drugability.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2016Review
- BDDCS Predictions, Self-Correcting Aspects of BDDCS Assignments, BDDCS Assignment Corrections, and Classification for more than 175 Additional Drugs.The AAPS journal · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the number of drugs exhibiting flip-flop pharmacokinetics following oral (p.o.) dosing from immediate-release dosage forms and if they exhibit a common characteristic that may be predicted based on BDDCS classification. The literature was searched for drugs displaying flip-flop kinetics (i.e., absorption half-life larger than elimination half-life) in mammals in PubMed, via internet search engines and reviewing drug pharmacokinetic data. Twenty two drugs were identified as displaying flip-flop kinetics in humans (13 drugs), rat (nine drugs), monkey (three drugs), horse (two drugs), and/or rabbit (two drugs). Nineteen of the 22 drugs exhibiting flip-flop kinetics were BDDCS Classes 3 and 4. One of the three exceptions, meclofenamic acid (Class 2), was identified in the horse; however, it would not exhibit flip-flop kinetics in humans where the p.o. dosing terminal half-life is 1.4 h. The second, carvedilol, can be explained based on solubility issues, but the third sapropterin dihydrochloride (nominally Class 1) requires further consideration. The few drugs displaying p.o. flip-flop kinetics in humans are predominantly BDDCS Classes 3 and 4. New molecular entities predicted to be BDDCS Classes 3 and 4 could be liable to exhibit flip-flop kinetics when the elimination half life is short and should be suspected to be substrates for intestinal transporters.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.