ReviewNeuromolecular medicine2015
Structure, Distribution, and Function of Neuronal/Synaptic Spinules and Related Invaginating Projections.
Review in Neuromolecular medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma membrane invaginations and their diverse cellular functions.BMC biology · 2026Review
- Super-resolution imaging of fast morphological dynamics of neurons in behaving animals.Nature methods · 2025Article
- Tunable Neuromorphic Switching Dynamics via Porosity Control in Mesoporous Silica Diffusive Memristors.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
- Effects of Tropomodulin 2 on Dendritic Spine Reorganization and Dynamics.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Prediction of mechanistic subtypes of Parkinson's using patient-derived stem cell models.Nature machine intelligence · 2023Article
- Dendritic spinule-mediated structural synaptic plasticity: Implications for development, aging, and psychiatric disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
- Alzheimer's disease/dementia-associated brain pathology in aging DPP6-KO mice.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Article
- Seeing Is Perceiving (Believing).Neuromolecular medicine · 2022Review
- Recent progresses in novelFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- The Structural Basis of Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Synapses, Revealed by Electron Microscopy Imaging of Lanthanum-Induced Synaptic Vesicle Recycling.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Article
- Protocol for live enhanced resolution confocal imaging of dendritic spinule dynamics in primary mouse cortical neuron culture.STAR protocols · 2021Article
- Cytonemes with complex geometries and composition extend into invaginations of target cells.The Journal of cell biology · 2021Article
- Two types of somatic spines provide sites for intercellular signaling during calyx of Held growth and maturation.Synapse (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Invaginating Structures in Synapses - Perspective.Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience · 2021Article
- Rapid 3D Enhanced Resolution Microscopy Reveals Diversity in Dendritic Spinule Dynamics, Regulation, and Function.Neuron · 2020Article
- A super-resolution platform for correlative live single-molecule imaging and STED microscopy.Nature methods · 2019Article
- Comparing 3D ultrastructure of presynaptic and postsynaptic mitochondria.Biology open · 2019Article
- Insights into Electroreceptor Development and Evolution from Molecular Comparisons with Hair Cells.Integrative and comparative biology · 2018Article
- Invaginating Structures in Mammalian Synapses.Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neurons and especially their synapses often project long thin processes that can invaginate neighboring neuronal or glial cells. These "invaginating projections" can occur in almost any combination of postsynaptic, presynaptic, and glial processes. Invaginating projections provide a precise mechanism for one neuron to communicate or exchange material exclusively at a highly localized site on another neuron, e.g., to regulate synaptic plasticity. The best-known types are postsynaptic projections called "spinules" that invaginate into presynaptic terminals. Spinules seem to be most prevalent at large very active synapses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of all kinds of invaginating projections associated with both neurons in general and more specifically with synapses; we describe them in all animals including simple, basal metazoans. These structures may have evolved into more elaborate structures in some higher animal groups exhibiting greater synaptic plasticity. In addition to classic spinules and filopodial invaginations, we describe a variety of lesser-known structures such as amphid microvilli, spinules in giant mossy terminals and en marron/brush synapses, the highly specialized fish retinal spinules, the trophospongium, capitate projections, and fly gnarls, as well as examples in which the entire presynaptic or postsynaptic process is invaginated. These various invaginating projections have evolved to modify the function of a particular synapse, or to channel an effect to one specific synapse or neuron, without affecting those nearby. We discuss how they function in membrane recycling, nourishment, and cell signaling and explore how they might change in aging and disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.