ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2015
Contraception after delivery and short interpregnancy intervals among women in the United States.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Determinants of short interpregnancy intervals in high-income countries: a systematic review.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Pregnancy intentions and contraceptive uptake after miscarriage.Contraception · 2020Trial
- A Novel Approach to Postpartum Contraception Provision Combined with Infant Care: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthTrial
- Citizenship Status and Contraceptive Method Use Among Latinx, Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Women in California.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Increasing Access to Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception on Pregnancy and Contraceptive Outcomes in Patients Seeking Permanent Contraception Postpartum.The Permanente journal · 2026Article
- Postpartum Contraceptive Care: A Qualitative Study of Australian Child and Family Health Nurses' Experiences.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Article
- Immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in Ethiopia: A scoping review.PloS one · 2026Article
- Too far to follow up: associations between residential distance and social vulnerability on immediate postpartum contraceptive uptake.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2025Article
- Maternal sociodemographic characteristics of short and long interpregnancy intervals in Japan: an analysis using national birth data.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Meeting Contraceptive Preferences Among Low-Income Postpartum Texans: A Counterfactual Analysis of Pregnancy Trajectories.Studies in family planning · 2025Article
- Australian GPs' experiences, practices, and perspectives on postpartum care, contraception, and breastfeeding.Family practice · 2025Article
- Public Coverage of Postpartum Services for Immigrants.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Immediate postplacental intrauterine device placement: retrospective cohort study of expulsion and associated risk factors.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- Postpartum contraceptive use after vaginal and caesarean birth in Nigeria: a nationwide population-based analysis.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Medicaid Policy Change and Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception.JAMA health forum · 2024Article
- Acute health care utilization in the first 24 months postpartum by rurality and pregnancy complications: A prospective cohort study.Health services research · 2024Article
- Short Interpregnancy Intervals Among Women Experiencing Homelessness in Colorado.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Prevalence and correlates of very rapid repeat pregnancy: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 2009-2020.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Postpartum contraceptive choice and fulfillment in patients with opioid use disorder.Contraception · 2023Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate women's patterns of contraceptive use after delivery and the association between method use and risk of pregnancy within 18 months.
methodsWe used the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth to examine women's contraceptive use after delivery and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after giving birth. The sample included 3,005 births that occurred within 3 years of the survey date and for which information on contraceptive use was available. We estimated multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models to assess the association between women's method use and risk of pregnancy within 18 months after delivery. We also examined the percentage of pregnancies occurring 18 months or less after the index birth that were unintended.
resultsBetween delivery and 3 months postpartum, contraceptive use increased from 21% to 72%. At 3 months, 13% of women used permanent contraception, 6% used long-acting reversible contraceptives, 28% used other hormonal methods, and 25% relied on less-effective methods; the distribution of method use was similar in subsequent months. Among women using hormonal methods, 12.6% became pregnant within 18 months of delivery or less compared with 0.5% using permanent and long-acting contraception (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 21.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.17-72.8). Additionally, 17.8% of women using less-effective methods (HR 34.8, 95% CI 9.26-131) and 23% using no method (HR 43.2, 95% CI 12.3-152) became pregnant 18 months or less. At least 70% of pregnancies within 1 year after delivery were unintended.
conclusionFew women use long-acting reversible contraceptives after delivery, and those using less-effective methods have an increased risk of unintended pregnancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.