ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2015
Association of reported trimester-specific smoking cessation with fetal growth restriction.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review.Journal of translational medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Interaction Between Maternal Smoking Cessation Timing and Preexisting Hypertension on Fetal Growth Restriction: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Memory under siege: the cognitive costs of smoking and vaping.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Review
- Tobacco and asthma: presenting the world health organization (WHO) tobacco knowledge summary.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2025Review
- Characteristics of LGBTQ+ Patients and Their Care in Comparison with Heterosexual Individuals: What Is Important for the OBGYN?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Investigating associations between maternal stress, smoking and adverse birth outcomes: evidence from the All Our Families cohort.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Congenital Upper and Lower Limb Differences: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Active or passive maternal smoking increases the risk of low birth weight or preterm delivery: Benefits of cessation and tobacco control policies.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Review
- Changes in e-cigarette and cigarette use during pregnancy and their association with small-for-gestational-age birth.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Article
- Maternal tobacco smoking and offspring autism spectrum disorder or traits in ECHO cohorts.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth: Effects of active or passive smoking evaluated by maternal expired CO at delivery, impacts of cessation at different trimesters.Tobacco induced diseases · 2022Article
- Longitudinal Examination of Prenatal Tobacco Switching Behaviors and Birth Outcomes, Including Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) and Dual Use.Maternal and child health journal · 2021Article
- Second Victims: Aftermath of Gun Violence and Faith-Based Responses.Journal of religion and health · 2021Article
- Considering intrauterine location in a model of fetal growth restriction after maternal titanium dioxide nanoparticle inhalation.Frontiers in toxicology · 2021Article
- The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Genomic imbalances in the placenta are associated with poor fetal growth.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Article
- Exposure to psychosocial work strain and changes in smoking behavior during pregnancy - a longitudinal study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2021Article
- Maternal Diet Quality, Body Mass Index and Resource Use in the Perinatal Period: An Observational Study.Nutrients · 2020Observational
- Early Life Exposure to Nicotine: Postnatal Metabolic, Neurobehavioral and Respiratory Outcomes and the Development of Childhood Cancers.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the association of reported smoking cessation at various time points during pregnancy with fetal growth restriction.
methodsThis was a population-based retrospective cohort study of singleton nonanomalous live births using Ohio birth certificates, 2006-2012. Outcomes of women who reported smoking only in the 3 months before conception and women who reported smoking through the first, second, or third trimester were compared with a referent group of nonsmokers. Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association between smoking cessation at various times in pregnancy and fetal growth restriction less than the 10th and 5th percentiles.
resultsOf 927,424 births analyzed, 75% of mothers did not smoke. Of smokers, 24% smoked preconception only, 10% quit after the first trimester, 4% quit after the second trimester, and 59% smoked throughout pregnancy. The rate of fetal growth restriction less than the 10th and 5th percentiles among nonsmokers was 8.1% and 3.6%, respectively. Although smoking only in the preconception period did not significantly increase fetal growth restriction risk, smoking in any trimester did. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for fetal growth restriction less than the 10th and 5th percentiles, respectively, of cessation after the first trimester was 1.19 (1.13-1.24) and 1.25 (1.17-1.33) and 1.67 (1.57-1.78) and 1.83 (1.68, 1.99) for cessation after the second trimester. Women who reported smoking throughout pregnancy had the highest risks of fetal growth restriction, 2.26 (2.22-2.31) and 2.44 (2.37-2.51), after accounting for the influence of race, low socioeconomic status, and medical comorbidities.
conclusionSmoking of any duration during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal growth restriction with decreasing risk the earlier that cessation occurs. Smoking cessation programs should focus on the benefit of quitting as early in pregnancy as possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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