ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2015
Perforin and granzymes: function, dysfunction and human pathology.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 722 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
722 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,248 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is a variant of uncertain significance always 'insignificant'? A systematic review on PRF1 A91V in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistocytosis and comparative analysis with Still's disease.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Can Environmental Enrichment Mitigate Cell Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System Under Adverse Health Conditions? A Systematic Review.Clinical and translational science · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic significance of the pretreatment pan-immune-inflammation value in colorectal cancer patients: an updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Prognostic significance of the pretreatment controlling nutritional status score in colorectal cancer patients: an updated meta-analysis with 24 cohort studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Research progress on the compositional characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment and immunopredictive models in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer biology & therapy · 2026Review
- Synergistic immune interactions between T cells and natural killer cells in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia: current status and future directions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Fast and slow gene expression changes in blood following acute social stress.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Decoupling T cell cytotoxicity: a CCL21+ICAM1-based synthetic immune niche enhances tumor elimination by accelerating lytic hit delivery.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Engineered Bacillus subtilis Spores Surface-Displaying a PRRSV GP3/GP4/GP5 Fusion Antigen: A Preliminary Immunogenicity Evaluation in Mice and Piglets.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- The gasdermin family: from pyroptosis mechanisms to therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Nitric-oxide propelled nanomotors sensitize tumors to ferroptosis immunotherapy via cholesterol depletion-induced tumor cells stiffening.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Review
- Differential perforin sensitivity drives lineage-dependent resistance to CAR T-cell killing in blood cancer cell lines.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram cellular human immunity to enhance tumor cytotoxicity.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Granzyme B PET Imaging Reveals LgmnAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Challenges and opportunities in combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy for localized pancreatic cancer.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Natural killer cells against viral infection: from basic biology to immunotherapy.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- PGK1 epigenetically silences STING via DNMT1 and its knockdown synergizes with STING agonists in pancreatic cancer.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Pharmacological inhibition of perforin dampens CD8Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 in Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice via Activation of NK Cells and Macrophages.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
662 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A defining property of cytotoxic lymphocytes is their expression and regulated secretion of potent toxins, including the pore-forming protein perforin and serine protease granzymes. Until recently, mechanisms of pore formation and granzyme transfer into the target cell were poorly understood, but advances in structural and cellular biology have now begun to unravel how synergy between perforin and granzymes brings about target cell death. These and other advances are demonstrating the surprisingly broad pathophysiological roles of the perforin–granzyme pathway, and this has important implications for understanding immune homeostasis and for developing immunotherapies for cancer and other diseases. In particular, we are beginning to define and understand a range of human diseases that are associated with a failure to deliver active perforin to target cells. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the structural, cellular and clinical aspects of perforin and granzyme biology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.