SynthesisPloS one2015
Association between Prenatal and Postnatal Psychological Distress and Toddler Cognitive Development: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03336541 (Effects of Intraoperative Low-dose Ketamine on Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Parturients With Prenatal Depression Undergoing Cesarean Delivery), which is not on this map. Cited by 61 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Intraoperative Low-dose Ketamine on Incidence of Postpartum Depression in Parturients With Prenatal Depression Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: Blind Test, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- The global burden and risk factors of common mental disorders in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Association between prenatal maternal anxiety and/or stress and offspring's cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis.Child development · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Women's experiences of fear of childbirth: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2020Pooled it
- Cognitive Outcomes of Young Children After Prenatal Exposure to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- The association between perinatal depressive symptoms and child neurodevelopment.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2024Trial
- Supporting early infant relationships and reducing maternal distress with the Newborn Behavioral Observations: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial.Infant mental health journal · 2022Trial
- Associations Among Perceived Stress, Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, and Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Women in Taiwan.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Executive function development between ages 2 and 6 in children exposed to threatened preterm labor.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Knowledge and Attitudes of Pediatricians and Pediatric Residents Towards Postpartum Depression Screening of Women in Lebanon.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Maternal internalizing symptoms as a mechanism linking pre- and postnatal COVID-19 pandemic exposure with preschool-aged children's neurodevelopment.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal Milk Allopregnanolone May Buffer Negative Associations Between Maternal Postpartum Psychological Distress and Infant Regulatory Capacity.Developmental psychobiology · 2026Article
- Unpacking postpartum depression in rural India: an integrated analysis of risk factors at 12 months and child development outcomes at 18 months of age - findings from the SPRING study.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Investigating Links Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Brain Development Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques: A Narrative Review.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Longitudinally investigating patterns of maternal psychological distress in a South African birth cohort.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association between maternal perinatal stress and depression and infant DNA methylation in the first year of life.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants: a retrospective national cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- Association between Maternal Perinatal Stress and Depression on Infant DNA Methylation in the First Year of Life.Research square · 2024Article
- Independent and Combined Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Prenatal Stress on Fetal HPA Axis Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeMaternal psychological distress is one of the most common perinatal complications, affecting up to 25% of pregnant and postpartum women. Research exploring the association between prenatal and postnatal distress and toddler cognitive development has not been systematically compiled. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the association between prenatal and postnatal psychological distress and toddler cognitive development.
methodsArticles were included if: a) they were observational studies published in English; b) the exposure was prenatal or postnatal psychological distress; c) cognitive development was assessed from 13 to 36 months; d) the sample was recruited in developed countries; and e) exposed and unexposed women were included. A university-based librarian conducted a search of electronic databases (Embase, CINAHL, Eric, PsycInfo, Medline) (January, 1990-March, 2014). We searched gray literature, reference lists, and relevant journals. Two reviewers independently evaluated titles/abstracts for inclusion, and quality using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network appraisal tool for observational studies. One reviewer extracted data using a standardized form.
resultsThirteen of 2448 studies were included. There is evidence of an association between prenatal and postnatal distress and cognitive development. While variable effect sizes were reported for postnatal associations, most studies reported medium effect sizes for the association between prenatal psychological distress and cognitive development. Too few studies were available to determine the influence of the timing of prenatal exposure on cognitive outcomes.
conclusionFindings support the need for early identification and treatment of perinatal mental health problems as a potential strategy for optimizing toddler cognitive development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.