ArticlePloS one2015
Type and timing of childhood maltreatment and severity of shutdown dissociation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Specific Childhood Adversities and Symptom Dimensions in People With Psychosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Pooled it
- Predictors and moderators of treatment outcomes in phase-based treatment and trauma-focused treatments in patients with childhood abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2023Trial
- Associations of childhood maltreatment types and timing with oxidative stress in formerly out-of-home placed young adults.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Childhood maltreatment impacts the activity of the neural empathy but not theory of mind network: findings from a transdiagnostic sample.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Shaping personality functioning: type and timing effects of childhood maltreatment on personality functioning.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between perpetrator characteristics of child maltreatment, age of onset, and physical and mental health.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Differential effects of childhood maltreatment types and timing on psychopathology in formerly out-of-home placed young adults.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- An Investigation of Dissociative Symptoms and Related Factors in Autistic Adolescents.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood-Results from a Cross-Sectional Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A framework for understanding adverse adolescent experiences.Nature human behaviour · 2025Review
- Child Maltreatment Characteristics and Adult Physical Multimorbidity in Germany.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Influence of the typology and timing of childhood trauma in psychoticism.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Article
- Childhood adversity and psychopathology: the dimensions of timing, type and chronicity in a population-based sample of high-risk adolescents.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Traumatic Life Events and Association With Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization Symptoms in Female Refugees.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Child maltreatment and resilience in adulthood: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2023Article
- Externalizing the threat from within: A new direction for researching associations between suicide and psychotic experiences.Development and psychopathology · 2022Article
- Childhood maltreatment and its role in the development of pain and psychopathology.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2022Review
- Measuring types and timing of childhood maltreatment: The psychometric properties of the KERF-40.PloS one · 2022Article
- Influence of Severity of Type and Timing of Retrospectively Reported Childhood Maltreatment on Female Amygdala and Hippocampal Volume.Scientific reports · 2020Observational
- Differential effects of childhood neglect and abuse during sensitive exposure periods on male and female hippocampus.NeuroImage · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dissociation, particularly the shutting down of sensory, motor and speech systems, has been proposed to emerge in susceptible individuals as a defensive response to traumatic stress. In contrast, other individuals show signs of hyperarousal to acute threat. A key question is whether exposure to particular types of stressful events during specific stages of development can program an individual to have a strong dissociative response to subsequent stressors. Vulnerability to ongoing shutdown dissociation was assessed in 75 inpatients (46 M/29 F, M = 31 ± 10 years old) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and related to number of traumatic events experienced or witnessed during childhood or adulthood. The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale was used to collect retrospective recall of exposure to ten types of maltreatment during each year of childhood. Severity of shutdown dissociation was related to number of childhood but not adult traumatic events. Random forest regression with conditional trees indicated that type and timing of childhood maltreatment could predictably account for 31% of the variance (p < 0.003) in shutdown dissociation, with peak vulnerability occurring at 13-14 years of age and with exposure to emotional neglect followed by various forms of emotional abuse. These findings suggest that there may be windows of vulnerability to the development of shutdown dissociation. Results support the hypothesis that experienced events are more important than witnessed events, but challenge the hypothesis that "life-threatening" events are a critical determinant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.