SynthesisThe journal of spinal cord medicine2015
Modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with employment outcomes following spinal cord injury: A systematic review.
Synthesis in The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Factors associated with post spinal cord injury employment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Musculoskeletal Injuries Sustained in Road Traffic Crashes on Work-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Prevalence, Costs, and Activity and Work Limitations of Amputation, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Back Pain, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury, Stroke, and Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A 2019 Update.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2021Pooled it
- Labor Market Integration of People with Disabilities: Results from the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Cohort Study.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem Predict Return to Work and Buffer the Impact of Treatment Duration: A Longitudinal Panel Study.Journal of occupational rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Employment after spinal cord injury in the United States: predictors and barriers.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
- Meaning of Work Participation After Spinal Cord Injury in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study in a Low- and Middle-Income Country Context.Journal of occupational rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Rates of Employment and Return to Work After Spinal Cord Lesion Onset in Israel.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2025Article
- Factors impacting employment outcomes for persons with spinal cord injury in South Korea.Spinal cord · 2025Article
- Functional Limitations and Use of General Health Examination and Cancer Screening Among People with Disabilities Who Need Support from Others: Secondary Data Analysis of the 2022 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Benefits and barriers to return to education and relationship to quality of life for people living with spinal cord injury: Results of a mixed methods study.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluating a pilot community-based self-management program for adults with spinal cord injury.The journal of spinal cord medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of urinary catheters including reusable catheters on quality of life and work productivity in persons with spinal cord lesion.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Prussian blue nanotechnology in the treatment of spinal cord injury: application and challenges.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Barriers to the Utilization of Low-Vision Rehabilitation Services among Over-50-Year-Old People in East and Southeast Asian Regions: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Labour market participation after spinal cord injury. A register-based cohort study.Spinal cord · 2023Article
- Modifiable Sociostructural and Environmental Factors That Impact the Health and Quality of Life of People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Predicting change in labour market participation of people with spinal cord injury (SCI): longitudinal evidence from the Swiss SCI community survey.Spinal cord · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextEmployment rates in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are approximately 35%, which is considerably lower than that of the general population. In order to improve employment outcomes a clear understanding of what factors influence employment outcomes is needed.
objectiveTo systematically review factors that are consistently and independently associated with employment outcomes in individuals with SCI, and to understand the magnitude of their influence.
methodsThrough an electronic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Social Science Abstracts and Social Work databases, we identified studies published between 1952-2014 that investigated factors associated with employment outcomes following SCI. Exclusion criteria included: (1) reviews (2) studies not published in English (3) studies not controlling for potential confounders through a regression analysis, or (4) studies not providing an effect measure in the form of OR, RR, or HR. Data were categorized based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework, with each domain sub-categorized by modifiability. First author, year of publication, sample size, explanatory and outcome variables, and effect measures were extracted.
resultsThirty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty modifiable and twelve non-modifiable factors have been investigated in the context of employment following SCI. Education, vocational rehabilitation, functional independence, social support, and financial disincentives were modifiable factors that have been consistently and independently associated with employment outcomes.
conclusionA number of key modifiable factors have been identified and can inform interventions aimed at improving employment outcomes for individuals with SCI. Future research should focus on determining which factors have the greatest effect on employment outcomes, in addition to developing and evaluating interventions targeted at these factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.