SynthesisPublic health nutrition2016
Health effects of cow's milk consumption in infants up to 3 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Public health nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Prevalence of childhood anaemia in Brazil: still a serious health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Timing of Cow's Milk or Cow's Milk Formula Introduction to the Infant Diet and Atopic Risk in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of fortified milk on growth and nutritional status in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2017Pooled it
- Micronutrients in Future Diets: Considerations for Dietary Iron and the Food Matrix Effects on Bioavailability.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- MENA Delphi consensus on iron deficiency anemia in infants and young children: screening, management, and prevention strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Generalized structural equation modeling of direct and indirect determinants of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia: further analysis of the 2019 mini Ethiopian demographic and health survey.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of stunting and anaemia in children aged 6-23 months: A multilevel analysis from rural Ethiopia.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Development and evaluation of food-based dietary recommendations for New Zealand toddlers using linear and goal programming.European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Untimely Initiation of Whole Cow Milk, Stunting, and Related Factors in South Gondar, Ethiopia.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Iron Deficiency in the United States: Limitations in Guidelines, Data, and Monitoring of Disparities.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Reasonableness of Enriching Cow's Milk with Vitamins and Minerals.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Complementary Feeding and Iron Status: "Nutrients · 2021Review
- Nurturing the Early Life Gut Microbiome and Immune Maturation for Long Term Health.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans.Nutrition & metabolism · 2021Review
- A Review of Potential Public Health Impacts Associated With the Global Dairy Sector.GeoHealth · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo summarize the best available evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cow's milk intake in healthy, full-term infants up to 3 years of age.
designWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.
settingWe searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Library between 1960 and July 2013 and manually reviewed reference lists of pertinent articles. Two researchers independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted relevant data. SUBJECTS: We included (randomized/non-randomized) controlled trials and observational studies.
resultsWe included data from twenty-three studies (one randomized controlled trial, four non-randomized controlled trials, eight case-control studies and ten cohort studies) for the evidence synthesis. Pooled results of four studies revealed a higher risk of Fe-deficiency anaemia for infants consuming cow's milk compared with those consuming follow-on formula (relative risk=3·76; 95 % CI 2·73, 5·19). For type 1 diabetes mellitus, six out of seven case-control studies did not show a difference in the risk of developing this disease based on the age of introduction of cow's milk. We did not find negative associations for other health effects.
conclusionsCow's milk consumption in infancy is associated with an increased risk of developing Fe-deficiency anaemia. Limiting cow's milk consumption may be important to ensure an adequate Fe intake for infants and toddlers. High-quality patient information for caregivers is needed on how infants' Fe requirements can be met.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.