ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2015
Paralytic shellfish toxin content is related to genomic sxtA4 copy number in Alexandrium minutum strains.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Temperature-Driven Intraspecific Diversity in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Profiles of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum and Intragenic Variation in the Saxitoxin Biosynthetic Gene, sxtA4.Microbial ecology · 2025Article
- An On-Farm Workflow for Predictive Management of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Harmful Algal Blooms for the Aquaculture Industry.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Genomic copy number variability at the genus, species and population levels impacts in situ ecological analyses of dinoflagellates and harmful algal blooms.ISME communications · 2023Article
- Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Review
- Article
- Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- From theFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Biosynthesis of Saxitoxin in Marine Dinoflagellates: An Omics Perspective.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Evaluation of sxtA and rDNA qPCR assays through monitoring of an inshore bloom of Alexandrium catenella Group 1.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Scrippsiella acuminata versus Scrippsiella ramonii: A Physiological Comparison.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2019Article
- The Genetic Basis of Toxin Biosynthesis in Dinoflagellates.Microorganisms · 2019Review
- Chromosomal markers in the genus Karenia: Towards an understanding of the evolution of the chromosomes, life cycle patterns and phylogenetic relationships in dinoflagellates.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Transcriptomic Profile and Sexual Reproduction-Relevant Genes ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Cyanotoxins in the Mediterranean: New Data from Sardinia and Sicily (Italy).Microorganisms · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are microscopic aquatic eukaryotes with huge genomes and an unusual cell regulation. For example, most genes are present in numerous copies and all copies seem to be obligatorily transcribed. The consequence of the gene copy number (CPN) for final protein synthesis is, however, not clear. One such gene is sxtA, the starting gene of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) synthesis. PSTs are small neurotoxic compounds that can accumulate in the food chain and cause serious poisoning incidences when ingested. They are produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodium, and Pyrodinium. Here we investigated if the genomic CPN of sxtA4 is related to PST content in Alexandrium minutum cells. SxtA4 is the 4th domain of the sxtA gene and its presence is essential for PST synthesis in dinoflagellates. We used PST and genome size measurements as well as quantitative PCR to analyze sxtA4 CPN and toxin content in 15 A. minutum strains. Our results show a strong positive correlation between the sxtA4 CPN and the total amount of PST produced in actively growing A. minutum cells. This correlation was independent of the toxin profile produced, as long as the strain contained the genomic domains sxtA1 and sxtA4.
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