ReviewClinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology2014
Sex differences in inflammation during atherosclerosis.
Review in Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on blood levels of omega-3s in people with chronic atherosclerotic disease: a systematic review.Nutrition reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Arterial Thrombosis in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: A Rapid Systematic Review.Annals of vascular surgery · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy on carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Life sciences · 2019Pooled it
- Association between TLR9 rs5743836 polymorphism and risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2017Trial
- Residual Inflammatory Potential in Patients with Treated Non-Definite and Definite Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: A Clinical Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- The association of dietary inflammatory index with auditory and vestibular disorders in Korean adults: Differential links to peripheral vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Colchicine in Coronary Artery Disease-Too Much of a Good Thing?Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- National Mortality Trends, Disparities, and Forecasted Burden of Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure with Underlying Ischemic Heart Disease Among Older Adults in the United States, 1999-2023.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Inadequate Preventive Dental Care Is Associated With Higher Cardiovascular Risk Identified by ECG-Based Artificial Intelligence Algorithms.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota alters cardiac metabolism and immune system composition in viral myocarditis mice.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in endothelial cell biology: cellular phenotypes and molecular regulators.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Anti-ageing interventions for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Proteomic profiling reveals a higher presence of glycolytic enzymes in human atherosclerotic lesions with unfavourable histological characteristics.Cardiovascular research · 2025Article
- Trends of atherosclerosis-related mortality in adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of U.S. national data.Atherosclerosis plus · 2025Article
- High-Fat Diet and Metabolic Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of Sex-Dependent Responses and Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dissecting and validation the biomarker of heart failure progression in patients with atherosclerosis by single-cell sequencing, bioinformatics, and machine learning.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Association of the atherogenic index of plasma and modified triglyceride-glucose indices with digestive diseases among middle-aged and older population in China.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Article
- The double-edged role and therapeutic potential of TREM2 in atherosclerosis.Biomarker research · 2024Review
- Sex Influences the Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy of Cardiac Nanomedicine Technologies.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Sex-specific implications of inflammation in covert cerebral small vessel disease.BMC neurology · 2024Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, yet more men die from atherosclerosis than women, and at a younger age. Women, on the other hand, mainly develop atherosclerosis following menopause, and particularly if they have one or more autoimmune diseases, suggesting that the immune mechanisms that increase disease in men are different from those in women. The key processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are vascular inflammation, lipid accumulation, intimal thickening and fibrosis, remodeling, and plaque rupture or erosion leading to myocardial infarction and ischemia. Evidence indicates that sex hormones alter the immune response during atherosclerosis, resulting in different disease phenotypes according to sex. Women, for example, respond to infection and damage with increased antibody and autoantibody responses, while men have elevated innate immune activation. This review describes current knowledge regarding sex differences in the inflammatory immune response during atherosclerosis. Understanding sex differences is critical for improving individualized medicine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.