ArticleOphthalmology2015
Human Tear Serotonin Levels Correlate with Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of botulinum toxin type A on the treatment of dry eye disease and tear cytokines.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2019Trial
- A comprehensive review of tear fluid proteome alterations in dry eye disease: Insights into pathophysiology and biomarker potential.The ocular surface · 2026Review
- Focus on sex hormone axis disorder: exploring the susceptibility mechanism of dry eye in perimenopausal women.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Dry Eye Disease and Psychiatric Disorders: Neuroimmune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prevalence of dry eye disease and its association with sleep quality and depression: a hospital-based survey in Thai population.BMJ open · 2025Article
- A multi-institutional cohort study on risk of sleep disorders in dry eyes patients using TriNetX.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Is there a relationship between the severity of disease in major depressive disorder patients and dry eye disease?International ophthalmology · 2024Observational
- Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists.Annals of medicine · 2023Review
- Congenital aniridia beyond black eyes: From phenotype and novel genetic mechanisms to innovative therapeutic approaches.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2023Review
- Tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: Progress in the last decade.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- A Review on Dry Eye Disease Treatment: Recent Progress, Diagnostics, and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Prevalence of dry eye disease among Chinese high school students during the COVID-19 outbreak.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Article
- The Association Between Dry Eye and Sleep Disorders: The Evidence and Possible Mechanisms.Nature and science of sleep · 2022Review
- The Relationship Between Circadian Typology and Dry Eye Symptoms in Chinese College Students.Nature and science of sleep · 2022Article
- Tear Neuromediators in Subjects with and without Dry Eye According to Ocular Sensitivity.Chonnam medical journal · 2022Article
- Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Induced Serotonin-Associated Metabolic Pathways Correlate With Severity of Virus- and Inflammation-Associated Ocular Disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Effects of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on the ocular surface.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2022Article
- Mass spectrometry analysis of human tear fluid biomarkers specific for ocular and systemic diseases in the context of 3P medicine.The EPMA journal · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSerotonin, a neurotransmitter known to be involved in nociceptor sensitization, is present in human tears. The purpose of this study was to correlate tear serotonin levels, as a marker of nociceptor sensitization, to facets of dry eye (DE), including symptoms and signs.
designCross-sectional study.
participantsA total of 62 patients with normal eyelid and corneal anatomy were prospectively recruited from a Veterans Administration Ophthalmology Clinic over 11 months.
methodsDry eye symptoms (Ocular Surface Disease Index [OSDI]), signs (tear break-up time [TBUT], corneal staining, and Schirmer's score), and clinical descriptors of neuropathic ocular pain (NOP) (sensitivity to light or sensitivity to wind) were assessed. For tear analysis, each patient's tears were collected after instilling 50 μl of sterile saline to the lower cul-de-sac of each eye and using capillary action microcaps to collect the ocular wash. Tear serotonin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
main outcome measuresCorrelations between tear serotonin concentrations and DE symptoms and signs.
resultsThe mean age of the population was 61±14 years, and 84% (n = 52) of the patients were male. Serotonin concentrations negatively correlated with Schirmer's scores (r = -0.28; P = 0.02) but did not correlate with other DE parameters, such as OSDI scores, sensitivity to light or wind, TBUT, and staining. According to our hypothesis, we divided patients into groups based on both DE symptoms and aqueous tear production; serotonin concentrations were significantly higher in DE group 1 (OSDI ≥6 and Schirmer's <8) compared with both DE group 2 (OSDI ≥6 and Schirmer's ≥8) and controls (OSDI <6 and Schirmer's ≥8). Patients in DE group 2 more frequently reported sensitivity to light (64%) and wind (67%) compared with DE group 1 (40% and 60%, respectively) and controls (8% and 17%, respectively).
conclusionsPatients with DE symptoms and aqueous tear deficiency had higher tear serotonin levels compared with those with DE symptoms but normal tear production and those without DE symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.