ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2015
Association of Protein Phosphatase PPM1G With Alcohol Use Disorder and Brain Activity During Behavioral Control in a Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis.
Open access · greenAbstract readTwin Study
In one paragraph
Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
36citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
4.4field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation and its association with subcortical volumes: findings from the ENIGMA Epigenetics Working Group.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The IMAGEN study: a decade of imaging genetics in adolescents.Molecular psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- DNA methylation and brain structure and function across the life course: A systematic review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2020Pooled it
- New alcohol-related genes suggest shared genetic mechanisms with neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature human behaviour · 2019Pooled it
- Epigenetic moderators of naltrexone efficacy in reducing heavy drinking in Alcohol Use Disorder: a randomized trial.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2022Trial
- Validation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Epigenetics: A link between toxicants and diseases.iScience · 2025Review
- Epigenetic Dysregulation in Alcohol-Associated Behaviors: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Review
- Human genetics and epigenetics of alcohol use disorder.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Epigenetic drugs and psychedelics as emerging therapies for alcohol use disorder: insights from preclinical studies.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- DNA Methylation in Alcohol Use Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Epigenetic Modulation of Opioid Receptors by Drugs of Abuse.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- High expression of PPM1G is associated with the progression and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers · 2022Article
- Differences in the Alcohol Preference Assessment of Shy and Bold Zebrafish.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Clinical Value of PPM1G Gene in Survival Prognosis and Immune Infiltration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Applied bionics and biomechanics · 2022Article
- Differential DNA Methylation Is Associated With Hippocampal Abnormalities in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2021Article
- Genome-wide associations between alcohol consumption and blood DNA methylation: evidence from twin study.Epigenomics · 2021Article
- The longitudinal stability of fMRI activation during reward processing in adolescents and young adults.NeuroImage · 2021Article
- The Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Genetics, Epigenetics, and Nutrition in AUD: An Amazing Triangle.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Associations of Alcohol Consumption With Epigenome-Wide DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Age Acceleration: Individual-Level and Co-twin Comparison Analyses.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
42 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Barbara RuggeriFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Charlotte NymbergFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Eero VuoksimaaFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Anbarasu LourdusamyFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Cybele P WongFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Fabiana M CarvalhoFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Tianye JiaFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Anna CattrellFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Christine MacareFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Tobias BanaschewskiFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Gareth J BarkerFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Arun L W BokdeFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Uli BrombergFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Christian BüchelFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Patricia J ConrodFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Mira Fauth-BühlerFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Herta FlorFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Vincent FrouinFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Jürgen GallinatFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Hugh GaravanFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Penny GowlandFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Andreas HeinzFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Bernd IttermannFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Jean-Luc MartinotFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Frauke NeesFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Zdenka PausovaFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Tomáš PausFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Marcella RietschelFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Trevor RobbinsFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Michael N SmolkaFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Rainer SpanagelFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Georgy BakalkinFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Jonathan MillFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Wolfgang H SommerFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Richard J RoseFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Jia YanFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Fazil AlievFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Danielle DickFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Jaakko KaprioFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Sylvane DesrivièresFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
Gunter SchumannFrom the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; the Department of Public Health, the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, and the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; NeuroSpin, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Middlebury; the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 "Imaging and Psychiatry," University Paris Sud, Orsay, and AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Hospital for Sick Children and Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; the Division of Biological Resea
IMAGEN Consortium
Cognitive Neuroimaging Lab · FREuropean Automobile Manufacturers Association · BEInserm · FR
Funding
Training U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MADOLESCENT ALCOHOL ABUSE: A TWIN-STUDY PERSPECTIVER37AA012502 · NIAAA · TRUSTEES OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY · PI ROSE, RICHARD JOSEPH · 2000 to 2009
$2.9MTwin, molecular, and developmental approaches to understanding alcohol misuseK02AA018755 · NIAAA · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI DICK, DANIELLE M · 2010 to 2019
$1.3MAdolescent Alcohol Abuse: A Twin-Study PerspectiveR01AA012502 · NIAAA · TRUSTEES OF INDIANA UNIVERSITY · PI ROSE, RICHARD JOSEPH · 2013 to 2017
$1.2MUSE &ABUSE OF ALCOHOL--A BEHAVIOR-GENETICS PERSPECTIVEK05AA000145 · NIAAA · INDIANA UNIVERSITY BLOOMINGTON · PI ROSE, RICHARD JOSEPH · 1992 to 1996
–BEHAVIORAL PRECURSORS OF ALCOHOLISM--TWIN FAMILY STUDIESR01AA009203 · NIAAA · INDIANA UNIVERSITY BLOOMINGTON · PI ROSE, RICHARD JOSEPH · 1994 to 1998
–Medical Research Council G0001354Medical Research Council G0901858NIAAA NIH HHS AA-12502NIAAA NIH HHS K02 AA018755NIAAA NIH HHS K05 AA000145NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA009203NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA012502NIAAA NIH HHS R37 AA012502NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NIBIB NIH HHS U54-EB020403
Abstract
objectiveThe genetic component of alcohol use disorder is substantial, but monozygotic twin discordance indicates a role for nonheritable differences that could be mediated by epigenetics. Despite growing evidence associating epigenetics and psychiatric disorders, it is unclear how epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, relate to brain function and behavior, including drinking behavior.
methodThe authors carried out a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation of 18 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for alcohol use disorder and validated differentially methylated regions. After validation, the authors characterized these differentially methylated regions using personality trait assessment and functional MRI in a sample of 499 adolescents.
resultsHypermethylation in the 3'-protein-phosphatase-1G (PPM1G) gene locus was associated with alcohol use disorder. The authors found association of PPM1G hypermethylation with early escalation of alcohol use and increased impulsiveness. They also observed association of PPM1G hypermethylation with increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent response in the right subthalamic nucleus during an impulsiveness task.
conclusionsOverall, the authors provide first evidence for an epigenetic marker associated with alcohol consumption and its underlying neurobehavioral phenotype.
Indexed as
Genome-Wide Association StudyInternal-External ControlAdolescentAlcoholismAlcohol-Related DisordersDiseases in TwinsDNA MethylationEpigenesis, GeneticFemaleFinlandGene Expression RegulationGenetic MarkersGenotypeHumansImpulsive BehaviorMaleGenetic MarkersOxygenPhosphoprotein PhosphatasesPPM1G protein, humanProtein Phosphatase 2C
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