Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25980345›Full record

Trial reportMolecular psychiatry2015

Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia.

T W Weickert, D Weinberg, R Lenroot, S V Catts, R Wells, A Vercammen, M O'Donnell, C Galletly, D Liu, R Balzan and 7 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Molecular psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
59citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
13.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

59 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulation Increases Hippocampal Activity during Probabilistic Association Learning in Schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2015
    Trial
  11. The influence of sex on cognition in psychosis.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

T W Weickert1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [3] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
D WeinbergNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
R Lenroot1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [3] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
S V Catts1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
R Wells1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
A Vercammen1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [3] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia [4] School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia.
M O'DonnellSchool of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
C Galletly1] Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
D Liu1] Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
R Balzan1] Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
B ShortNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
D PellenNeuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
J CurtisSchool of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
V J Carr1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
J KulkarniAlfred Psychiatric Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
P R Schofield1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [2] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia [3] School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
C S Weickert1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia [2] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia [3] Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
UNSW Sydney · AUNeuroscience Research Australia · AUUniversity of Adelaide · AUMonash Alfred Psychiatry Research centre · AUSchizophrenia Research Institute · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is increasing clinical and molecular evidence for the role of hormones and specifically estrogen and its receptor in schizophrenia. A selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, stimulates estrogen-like activity in brain and can improve cognition in older adults. The present study tested the extent to which adjunctive raloxifene treatment improved cognition and reduced symptoms in young to middle-age men and women with schizophrenia. Ninety-eight patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited into a dual-site, thirteen-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of adjunctive raloxifene treatment in addition to their usual antipsychotic medications. Symptom severity and cognition in the domains of working memory, attention/processing speed, language and verbal memory were assessed at baseline, 6 and 13 weeks. Analyses of the initial 6-week phase of the study using a parallel groups design (with 39 patients receiving placebo and 40 receiving raloxifene) revealed that participants receiving adjunctive raloxifene treatment showed significant improvement relative to placebo in memory and attention/processing speed. There was no reduction in symptom severity with treatment compared with placebo. There were significant carryover effects, suggesting some cognitive benefits are sustained even after raloxifene withdrawal. Analysis of the 13-week crossover data revealed significant improvement with raloxifene only in attention/processing speed. This is the first study to show that daily, oral adjunctive raloxifene treatment at 120 mg per day has beneficial effects on attention/processing speed and memory for both men and women with schizophrenia. Thus, raloxifene may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.

Indexed as

Sex CharacteristicsAdolescentAdultAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityAustraliaCross-Over StudiesDouble-Blind MethodEstrogen AntagonistsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMemory DisordersMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsPatient ComplianceEstrogen AntagonistsRaloxifene Hydrochloride

Identifiers

PMID25980345
PMCPMC4444978
OpenAlexW315929037

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.