ReviewJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2015
HIV, HCV, and Health-Related Harms Among Women Who Inject Drugs: Implications for Prevention and Treatment.
Review in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness and safety of therapies for patients with opioid use disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Pooled it
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- The HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis continuum of care among women who inject drugs: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The intersection of gender and drug use-related stigma: A mixed methods systematic review and synthesis of the literature.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Pooled it
- Needle and syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: findings from a Cochrane Review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2018Pooled it
- Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Effects of a social network intervention on HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs in Ukraine: moderation by network gender composition.Harm reduction journal · 2023Trial
- A gender-based secondary analysis of the ADAPT-2 combination naltrexone and bupropion treatment for methamphetamine use disorder trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Trial
- HCV communication within ego-centric networks of men and women who inject drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- Association of skin infections with sharing of injection drug preparation equipment among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2021Trial
- Women's Decision-Making about PrEP for HIV Prevention in Drug Treatment Contexts.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareTrial
- Reproductive health considerations for HIV prevention integrated care models for women who inject drugs: Qualitative perspective of participants and providers in HIV Prevention Trials Network 094.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Take-home naloxone (THN) ownership among a community-based cohort of sex workers who use drugs in metro vancouver: longitudinal trends and structural determinants (2017-2024).Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Exploring multi-level barriers and human-centered solutions to expand methadone for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs in Kyrgyzstan.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Transitions from first drug use to illicit opioid and injection drug use in a multisite rural U.S. cohort of people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- HIV Risk Behaviors Among Community-Recruited Older People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) Prescreening for HPTN 094 in Washington, DC.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Gender and power dynamics in three types of injection partnerships among young women in rural Appalachia.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Gaps in the Hepatitis C Prenatal and Postpartum Care Cascade: Rationale for Treatment in Pregnancy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Gender differences in social networks of women and men who inject drugs in Kenya.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- "Stigma's Every Day, All Day Long": A Qualitative Exploration of Experiences of Overlapping Stigmas and HIV Prevention Service Use Among Women Who Use Drugs.Stigma and health · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough an estimated 3.5 million women inject drugs globally, women are outnumbered 4 to one by men who inject drugs and are often ignored or overlooked in the development and delivery of prevention and treatment services for this population. This study aimed to identify key comorbidities prevalent among women who inject drugs (WWID), consider factors that contribute to vulnerability of this population, and examine implications for prevention and treatment.
methodsThe literature was reviewed to examine the specific challenges and needs of WWID. We searched health-related bibliographic databases and grey literature to identify studies conducted among WWID and studies conducted among people who inject drugs (PWID), where results were disaggregated by gender and policies/guidelines/reports relevant to WWID.
resultsWWID face a range of unique, gender-specific, and often additional challenges and barriers. The lack of a targeted focus on WWID by prevention and treatment services and harm-reduction programs increases women's vulnerability to a range of health-related harms, including blood-borne viral and sexually transmitted infections, injection-related injuries, mental health issues, physical and sexual violence, poor sexual and reproductive health, issues in relation to childbearing and child care, and pervasive stigma and discrimination.
conclusionsThere is a need to improve the collection and reporting of gender-disaggregated data on prevalence of key infections and prevention and treatment service access and program coverage. Women-focussed services and integrating gender equity and human rights into the harm-reduction programming will be a prerequisite if improvements in the health, safety, and well-being of this often invisible and highly vulnerable population are to be achieved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.