ArticleBiomaterials2015
Paracrine co-delivery of TGF-β and IL-2 using CD4-targeted nanoparticles for induction and maintenance of regulatory T cells.
Article in Biomaterials, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory T cell induction strategies and applications in the treatment of immune and non-immune diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Nanomaterials: Design Strategies, Mechanisms, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Regulatory T Cells and Nanomaterials: Dual Perspectives in Therapeutics and Immunomodulation.Small science · 2026Review
- Nanomedicine targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in autoimmune diseases: breaking conventional barriers to restore immune tolerance.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Improving CAR-T cell function through a targeted cytokine delivery system utilizing car target-modified extracellular vesicles.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Article
- Recombinant cytokine bioconjugates with degradable nanogel substrates for macrophage immunotherapy.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Smart CAR-T Nanosymbionts: archetypes and proto-models.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Endoneurial immune interplay in peripheral nerve repair: insights and implications for future therapeutic interventions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Induction of immune tolerance in NMOSD and MOGAD.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Review
- CAR T Cell Nanosymbionts: Revealing the Boundless Potential of a New Dyad.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Biomaterial-enhanced treg cell immunotherapy: A promising approach for transplant medicine and autoimmune disease treatment.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Advances and challenges of the cell-based therapies among diabetic patients.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Bridging the gender gap in autoimmunity with T-cell-targeted biomaterials.Current opinion in biotechnology · 2024Review
- Advances in targeted delivery of mRNA into immune cells for enhanced cancer therapy.Theranostics · 2024Review
- Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- Advances in engineering and delivery strategies for cytokine immunotherapy.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2023Article
- Review
- PLGA Particles in Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Synergistic Antitumor Potency of a Self-Assembling Cyclodextrin Nanoplex for the Co-Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil and Interleukin-2 in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The cytokine milieu is critical for orchestration of lineage development towards effector T cell (Teff) or regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets implicated in the progression of cancer and autoimmune disease. Importantly, the fitness and survival of the Treg subset is dependent on the cytokines Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The production of these cytokines is impaired in autoimmunity increasing the probability of Treg conversion to aggressive effector cells in a proinflammatory microenvironment. Therapy using soluble TGF-β and IL-2 administration is hindered by the cytokines' toxic pleiotropic effects and hence bioavailability to CD4(+) T cell targets. Thus, there is a clear need for a strategy that rectifies the cytokine milieu in autoimmunity and inflammation leading to enhanced Treg stability, frequency and number. Here we show that inert biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) loaded with TGF-β and IL-2 and targeted to CD4(+) cells can induce CD4(+) Tregs in-vitro and expand their number in-vivo. The stability of induced Tregs with cytokine-loaded NP was enhanced leading to retention of their suppressive phenotype even in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Our results highlight the importance of a nanocarrier-based approach for stabilizing and expanding Tregs essential for cell-immunotherapy of inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.