ArticlePLoS genetics2015
Autoselection of cytoplasmic yeast virus like elements encoding toxin/antitoxin systems involves a nuclear barrier for immunity gene expression.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Review
- Extrachromosomally co-encoded toxin-immunity pairs in yeast and their application potential.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Genomic characterization and diversity of dsRNA viruses and their killer satellites in a natural population of the yeastVirus evolution · 2026Article
- Totivirus-satellite coinfection prevalence and host genotype associations in wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2025Article
- Ancient origin and high diversity of zymocin-like killer toxins in the budding yeast subphylum.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The evolutionary ecology of fungal killer phenotypes.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Discovery of a rapidly evolving yeast defense factor,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Structures of L-BC virus and its open particle provide insight into Totivirus capsid assembly.Communications biology · 2022Article
- Codon Usage Provides Insights into the Adaptive Evolution of Mycoviruses in Their Associated Fungi Host.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- ForestEcology and evolution · 2021Article
- Killer Yeasts for the Biological Control of Postharvest Fungal Crop Diseases.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Article
- Transcription apparatus of the yeast virus-like elements: Architecture, function, and evolutionary origin.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- The Biology of Pichia membranifaciens Killer Toxins.Toxins · 2017Review
- Article
- Yeast killer elements hold their hosts hostage.PLoS genetics · 2015Article
- Five Questions about Mycoviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytoplasmic virus like elements (VLEs) from Kluyveromyces lactis (Kl), Pichia acaciae (Pa) and Debaryomyces robertsiae (Dr) are extremely A/T-rich (>75%) and encode toxic anticodon nucleases (ACNases) along with specific immunity proteins. Here we show that nuclear, not cytoplasmic expression of either immunity gene (PaORF4, KlORF3 or DrORF5) results in transcript fragmentation and is insufficient to establish immunity to the cognate ACNase. Since rapid amplification of 3' ends (RACE) as well as linker ligation of immunity transcripts expressed in the nucleus revealed polyadenylation to occur along with fragmentation, ORF-internal poly(A) site cleavage due to the high A/T content is likely to prevent functional expression of the immunity genes. Consistently, lowering the A/T content of PaORF4 to 55% and KlORF3 to 46% by gene synthesis entirely prevented transcript cleavage and permitted functional nuclear expression leading to full immunity against the respective ACNase toxin. Consistent with a specific adaptation of the immunity proteins to the cognate ACNases, cross-immunity to non-cognate ACNases is neither conferred by PaOrf4 nor KlOrf3. Thus, the high A/T content of cytoplasmic VLEs minimizes the potential of functional nuclear recruitment of VLE encoded genes, in particular those involved in autoselection of the VLEs via a toxin/antitoxin principle.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.