ReviewJournal of thoracic disease2015
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE): an entity different from emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis alone.
Review in Journal of thoracic disease, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the role of quantitative CT in the prognostication and disease monitoring of interstitial lung disease.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- An increased risk of pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema on patients with connective tissue diseases and systemic sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- An increased risk of lung cancer in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema patients with usual interstitial pneumonia compared with patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in respiratory diseasePooled it
- Article
- Role of Airwave Oscillometry in Patients with Combined Fibrosis-Emphysema Syndrome (CPFE) with Preserved FEV1/FVC Ratio.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Percolation Forces in Lung Inflammation: Determining the Path to Emphysema or Fibrosis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Emphysema elevates the DETECT scores: impact on pulmonary hypertension screening and diagnosis in systemic sclerosis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Rheumatoid arthritis presenting by combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema with clubbing and pulmonary hypertension: A rare case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Explicate molecular landscape of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema through explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive analysis of ILD and COPD interactions using RNA from whole lung homogenates.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2024Article
- Mortality surrogates in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.The European respiratory journal · 2024Article
- Identifying health risk determinants and molecular targets in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via combined differential and weighted gene co-expression analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- Meta-analysis: clinical features and treatments of lung cancer in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG · 2023Article
- Observational
- Article
- Effect of FTY-720 on Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice via the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway and Autophagy.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: Comparative Evidence on a Complex Condition.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP), with different radiological, pathological, functional and prognostic characteristics, have been regarded as separate entities for a long time. However, there is an increasing recognition of the coexistence of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis in individuals. The association was first described as a syndrome by Cottin in 2005, named "combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE)", which is characterized by exertional dyspnea, upper-lobe emphysema and lower-lobe fibrosis, preserved lung volume and severely diminished capacity of gas exchange. CPFE is frequently complicated by pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury and lung cancer and prognosis of it is poor. Treatments for CPFE patients with severe pulmonary hypertension are less effective other than lung transplantation. However, CPFE has not yet attracted wide attention of clinicians and there is no research systematically contrasting the differences among CPFE, emphysema/COPD and IIP at the same time. The authors will review the existing knowledge of CPFE and compare them to either entity alone for the first time, with the purpose of improving the awareness of this syndrome and exploring novel effective therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.