ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2015
FGL2 as a Multimodality Regulator of Tumor-Mediated Immune Suppression and Therapeutic Target in Gliomas.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying novel genetic variants for brain amyloid deposition: a genome-wide association study in the Korean population.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- Glioblastoma immune landscape remodeling following treatment with CD70-targeted CAR-T cells.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Tumor-Derived Exosomes Deliver Membrane-Bound Fgl2 to Activate FcγRIIB-Mediated Immunosuppression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Fgl2-knockout tumor cells serve as a vaccine inducing long-duration brain-resident memory T cells that reject subsequent intracranial tumor cell challenges.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Disruption of FGL2 induces TFEB-dependent lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 and enhances the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- Introducing a New Hypothesis in the Genesis of Breast Cancer: An Integrative Review.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2025Review
- FGL2Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- Identification of two key biomarkers CD93 and FGL2 associated with survival of acute myeloid leukaemia by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- FGL1 and FGL2: emerging regulators of liver health and disease.Biomarker research · 2024Review
- Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Tumor and Peritoneum-Associated Macrophage Gene Signature as a Novel Molecular Biomarker in Gastric Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- FGL2 promotes tumour growth and attenuates infiltration of activated immune cells in melanoma and ovarian cancer models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- FGL2 as a predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy in bladder cancer.International journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Targeting Histone 3 Variants Epigenetic Landscape and Inhibitory Immune Checkpoints: An Option for Paediatric Brain Tumours Therapy.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Fibrinogen-like protein 2 promotes tumor immune suppression by regulating cholesterol metabolism in myeloid-derived suppressor cells.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- The construction and validation of ECM-related prognosis model in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Gene expression analysis during progression of malignant meningioma compared to benign meningioma.Journal of neurosurgery · 2023Article
- Aspirin and immunotherapy: a Faustian bargain?The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) may promote glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cancer development by inducing multiple immune-suppression mechanisms.
methodsThe biological significance of FGL2 expression was assessed using the The Cancer Genome Atlast (TCGA) glioma database and tumor lysates analysis. The therapeutic effects of an anti-Fgl2 antibody and the role of immune suppression regulation by Fgl2 were determined in immune-competent, NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG), and FcɣRIIB-/- mice (n = 3-18 per group). Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance, log-rank survival analysis, and Pearson correlation. All statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsIn low-grade gliomas, 72.5% of patients maintained two copies of the FGL2 gene, whereas 83.8% of GBM patients had gene amplification or copy gain. Patients with high levels of FGL2 mRNA in glioma tissues had a lower overall survival (P = .009). Protein levels of FGL2 in GBM lysates were higher relative to low-grade glioma lysates (11.48±5.75ng/mg vs 3.96±1.01ng/mg, P = .003). In GL261 mice treated with an anti-FGL2 antibody, median survival was 27 days compared with only 17 days for mice treated with an isotype control antibody (P = .01). The anti-FGL2 antibody treatment reduced CD39(+) Tregs, M2 macrophages, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). FGL2-induced increases in M2, CD39, and PD-1 were ablated in FcɣRIIB-/- mice.
conclusionsFGL2 augments glioma immunosuppression by increasing the expression levels of PD-1 and CD39, expanding the frequency of tumor-supportive M2 macrophages via the FcγRIIB pathway, and enhancing the number of MDSCs and CD39(+) regulatory T cells. Collectively, these results show that FGL2 functions as a key immune-suppressive modulator and has potential as an immunotherapeutic target for treating GBM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.