Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25969733›Full record

ArticleJournal of global health2015

Geographic epidemiology of cardiometabolic risk factors in middle class urban residents in India: cross-sectional study.

Rajeev Gupta, Krishna Kumar Sharma, Bal Kishan Gupta, Arvind Gupta, Banshi Saboo, Anuj Maheshwari, Tulika Mahanta, Prakash C Deedwania

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of global health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
5.9field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Social Development Index.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India.Journal of human hypertension · 2019
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Cardiovascular Diseases in India Compared With the United States.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2018
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Rajeev GuptaFortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
Krishna Kumar SharmaFortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
Bal Kishan GuptaSP Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals, Bikaner, India.
Arvind GuptaJaipur Diabetes Research Centre, Jaipur, India.
Banshi SabooDiabetes Care and Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India.
Anuj MaheshwariBBD College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, India.
Tulika MahantaAssam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India.
Prakash C DeedwaniaUniversity of California San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA.
Fortis Escorts Hospital · INAssam Medical College · INDiabetes Care & Hormone Clinic · INSardar Patel Medical College · INUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors according to geographic distribution and macrolevel social development index among urban middle class subjects in India.

methodsWe performed cross-sectional surveys in 11 cities in India during years 2005-2009. 6198 subjects aged 20-75 years (men 3426, women 2772, response 62%) were evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors. Cities were grouped according to geographic distribution into northern (3 cities, n = 1321), western (2 cities, n = 1814), southern (3 cities, n = 1237) and eastern (3 cities, n = 1826). They were also grouped according to human social development index into low (3 cities, n = 1794), middle (5 cities, n = 2634) and high (3 cities, n = 1825). Standard definitions were used to determine risk factors. Differences in risk factors were evaluated using χ(2) test. Trends were examined by least squares regression.

findingsAge-adjusted prevalence (95% confidence intervals) of various risk factors was: low physical activity 42.1% (40.9-43.3), high dietary fat 49.9% (47.8-52.0), low fruit/vegetables 26.9% (25.8-28.0), smoking 10.1% (9.1-11.1), smokeless tobacco use 9.8% (9.1-10.5), overweight 42.9% (41.7-44.1), obesity 11.6% (10.8-12.4), high waist circumference 45.5% (44.3-46.7), high waist-hip ratio 75.7% (74.7-76.8), hypertension 31.6% (30.4-32.8), hypercholesterolemia 25.0% (23.9-26.9), low HDL cholesterol 42.5% (41.3-43.7), hypertriglyceridemia 36.9% (35.7-38.1), diabetes 15.7% (14.8-16.6), and metabolic syndrome 35.7% (34.5-36.9). Compared with national average, prevalence of most risk factors was not significantly different in various geographic regions, however, cities in eastern region had significantly lower prevalence of overweight, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with other regions (P < 0.05 for various comparisons). It was also observed that cities with low human social development index had lowest prevalence of these risk factors in both sexes (P < 0.05).

conclusionsUrban middle-class men and women in eastern region of India have significantly lower cardiometabolic risk factors compared to northern, western and southern regions. Low human social development index cities have lower risk factor prevalence.

Identifiers

PMID25969733
PMCPMC4416330
OpenAlexW2104391464

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.