ArticleBMJ open2015
What is the association of smoking and alcohol use with the increase in social inequality in mortality in Denmark? A nationwide register-based study.
Article in BMJ open, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Individual- and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence in the working-age population - a cohort study based on German statutory health insurance data, 2015 to 2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The rising income gradient in life expectancy in Sweden over six decades.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Trends in educational inequalities in smoking-attributable mortality and their impact on changes in general mortality inequalities: evidence from England and Wales, Finland, and Italy (Turin).Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Article
- Trends in social inequality in mortality in Denmark 1995-2019: the contribution of smoking- and alcohol-related deaths.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Widening area-based socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality in Germany between 2003 and 2019.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Trends in smoking-related diseases by socioeconomic position following a national smoking ban in 2007: a nationwide study in the Danish population.BMC public health · 2023Article
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- Socioeconomic status and risk of lung cancer by histological subtype in the Nordic countries.Cancer medicine · 2022Article
- Time Trends and Income Inequalities in Cancer Incidence and Cancer-Free Life Expectancy - a Cancer Site-Specific Analysis of German Health Insurance Data.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of alcohol-related liver disease: A nationwide Danish study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2021Article
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- Socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer - a time trend analysis with German health insurance data.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Assessing the contribution of alcohol-specific causes to socio-economic inequalities in mortality in England and Wales 2001-16.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in U.S. mortality: The role of smoking and alcohol/drug abuse.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Compression, expansion, or maybe both? Growing inequalities in lung cancer in Germany.PloS one · 2020Article
- Years of life lost due to diseases of the digestive system in Poland according to socioeconomic factors: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Prevalence and predictors of maternal smoking prior to and during pregnancy in a regional Danish population: a cross-sectional study.Reproductive health · 2019Article
- Contribution of smoking and alcohol consumption to income differences in life expectancy: evidence using Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish register data.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2019Article
- Limited contribution of health behaviours to expanding income-related chronic disease disparities based on a nationwide cross-sectional study in China.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- The contribution of alcohol consumption and smoking to educational inequalities in life expectancy among Swedish men and women during 1991-2008.International journal of public health · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of smoking and alcohol use on the increase in social inequality in mortality in Denmark in the period 1985-2009.
designA nationwide register-based study.
settingDenmark.
participantsThe whole Danish population aged 30 years or more in the period 1985-2009. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome is mortality rates in relation to educational attainments calculated with and without deaths related to smoking and alcohol use. An absolute measure of inequality in mortality is applied along with a result on the direct contribution from smoking and alcohol use on the absolute difference in mortality rates. The secondary outcome is life expectancy in relation to educational attainments.
resultsSince 1985, Danish overall mortality rates have decreased. Alongside the improvement in mortality, the absolute difference in the mortality rate (per 100,000 persons) between the lowest and the highest educated quartile grew from 465 to 611 among men and from 250 to 386 among women. Smoking and alcohol use have caused 75% of the increase among men and 97% of the increase among women. Among men the increase was mainly caused by alcohol. In women the increase was mainly caused by smoking.
conclusionsThe main explanation for the increase in social inequality in mortality since the mid-1980s is smoking and alcohol use. A significant reduction in the social inequality in mortality can only happen if the prevention of smoking and alcohol use are targeted to the lower educated part of the Danish population.
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