Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25964387›Full record

ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2015

Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario.

Kelly K Anderson, Joyce Cheng, Ezra Susser, Kwame J McKenzie, Paul Kurdyak

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
67citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
14.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

67 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Migration and schizophrenia: meta-analysis and explanatory framework.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2020
    Pooled it
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  5. Article
  6. Childhood-Onset Psychosis: A large UK case series.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026
    Article
  7. Incidence of psychotic disorders by birth cohort: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Methodological reflections from a research project on the mental health of Black youth.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2025
    Article
  11. "Dual Pandemics": Intersecting Influences of Anti-Black Racism and the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Black Youth.The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres · 2025
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7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Kelly K AndersonDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry (Anderson), Western University, London Ont.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Anderson, Cheng, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Cheng, McKenzie, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Mailman School of Public Health (Susser), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry (McKenzie, Kurdyak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. kelly.anderson@schulich.uwo.ca.
Joyce ChengDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry (Anderson), Western University, London Ont.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Anderson, Cheng, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Cheng, McKenzie, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Mailman School of Public Health (Susser), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry (McKenzie, Kurdyak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
Ezra SusserDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry (Anderson), Western University, London Ont.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Anderson, Cheng, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Cheng, McKenzie, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Mailman School of Public Health (Susser), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry (McKenzie, Kurdyak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
Kwame J McKenzieDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry (Anderson), Western University, London Ont.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Anderson, Cheng, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Cheng, McKenzie, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Mailman School of Public Health (Susser), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry (McKenzie, Kurdyak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
Paul KurdyakDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Psychiatry (Anderson), Western University, London Ont.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Anderson, Cheng, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Cheng, McKenzie, Kurdyak), Toronto, Ont.; Mailman School of Public Health (Susser), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry (McKenzie, Kurdyak), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
Columbia University · US

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research 274885
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEvidence suggests that migrant groups have an increased risk of psychotic disorders and that the level of risk varies by country of origin and host country. Canadian evidence is lacking on the incidence of psychotic disorders among migrants. We sought to examine the incidence of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders in first-generation immigrants and refugees in the province of Ontario, relative to the general population.

methodsWe constructed a retrospective cohort that included people aged 14-40 years residing in Ontario as of Apr. 1, 1999. Population-based administrative data from physician billings and hospital admissions were linked to data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada. We used Poisson regression models to calculate age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for immigrant and refugee groups over a 10-year period.

resultsIn our cohort (n = 4,284,694), we found higher rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants from the Caribbean and Bermuda (IRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.29-1.98). Lower rates were found among immigrants from northern Europe (IRR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.91), southern Europe (IRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.90) and East Asia (IRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41-0.78). Refugee status was an independent predictor of risk among all migrants (IRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.56), and higher rates were found specifically for refugees from East Africa (IRR 1.95, 95% CI 1.44-2.65) and South Asia (IRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.12).

interpretationThe differential pattern of risk across ethnic subgroups in Ontario suggests that psychosocial and cultural factors associated with migration may contribute to the risk of psychotic disorders. Some groups may be more at risk, whereas others are protected.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultEmigrants and ImmigrantsFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleOntarioPsychotic DisordersRefugeesRetrospective StudiesSocioeconomic FactorsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID25964387
PMCPMC4467956
OpenAlexW1854887788

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.