ArticleThorax2015
Streptococcus pneumoniae triggers progression of pulmonary fibrosis through pneumolysin.
Article in Thorax, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated evidence supports a causal association between PHMG-P exposure and pneumonitis.Epidemiology and health · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Lung fibroblasts contribute to release of serum amyloid A as potential biomarker of exacerbation of lung fibrosis in mice.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Metabolic rewiring at the pyruvate node contributes to severe pneumonia and attenuation of T cell responses in serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals microbiota alterations and clinical indicators predictive of pulmonary fibrosis progression following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Metabolic Rewiring at the Pyruvate Node Drives Severe Pneumonia and T-Cell Suppression in Serotype 3bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The intersection of liver cirrhosis and pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Comorbidities' Effect on IPF: Pathogenesis and Management.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The lung microbiome in interstitial lung disease.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2025Review
- Lung-gut axis, intestinal microbiota, and pulmonary fibrosis: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Current advancements in the mechanisms and animal models of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Innate T-cell-derived IL-17A/F protects from bleomycin-induced acute lung injury but not bleomycin or adenoviral TGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis in mice.European journal of immunology · 2024Article
- Postinfectious Pulmonary Complications: Establishing Research Priorities to Advance the Field: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2024Review
- Value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing in acute exacerbation of fibrosing interstitial lung disease: an individualized treatment protocol based on microbiological evidence.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Observational
- Repetitive invasive lung function maneuvers do not accentuate experimental fibrosis in mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Commensal Oral Microbiota, Disease Severity, and Mortality in Fibrotic Lung Disease.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- The Lung Microbiome.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Review
- The mechanism of gut-lung axis in pulmonary fibrosis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Integrated mRNA-miRNA transcriptome profiling of blood immune responses potentially related to pulmonary fibrosis in forest musk deer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The immune mechanisms of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleRespiratory tract infections are common in patients suffering from pulmonary fibrosis. The interplay between bacterial infection and fibrosis is characterised poorly.
objectivesTo assess the effect of Gram-positive bacterial infection on fibrosis exacerbation in mice.
methodsFibrosis progression in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae was examined in two different mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsWe demonstrate that wild-type mice exposed to adenoviral vector delivery of active transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFß1) or diphteria toxin (DT) treatment of transgenic mice expressing the DT receptor (DTR) under control of the surfactant protein C (SPC) promoter (SPC-DTR) to induce pulmonary fibrosis developed progressive fibrosis following infection with Spn, without exhibiting impaired lung protective immunity against Spn. Antibiotic treatment abolished infection-induced fibrosis progression. The cytotoxin pneumolysin (Ply) of Spn caused this phenomenon in a TLR4-independent manner, as Spn lacking Ply (SpnΔply) failed to trigger progressive fibrogenesis, whereas purified recombinant Ply did. Progressive fibrogenesis was also observed in AdTGFβ1-exposed Ply-challenged TLR4 KO mice. Increased apoptotic cell death of alveolar epithelial cells along with an attenuated intrapulmonary release of antifibrogenic prostaglandin E2 was found to underlie progressive fibrogenesis in Ply-challenged AdTGFβ1-exposed mice. Importantly, vaccination of mice with the non-cytotoxic Ply derivative B (PdB) substantially attenuated Ply-induced progression of lung fibrosis in AdTGFβ1-exposed mice.
conclusionsOur data unravel a novel mechanism by which infection with Spn through Ply release induces progression of established lung fibrosis, which can be attenuated by protein-based vaccination of mice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.