ReviewFrontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)2015
Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is dysregulated in inflammation, and immune activation.
Review in Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 235 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
235 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 354 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Microbiological research · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in rheumatic diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- States of quinolinic acid excess in urine: A systematic review of human studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Sex as a biological variable in determining the metabolic changes influencing acute ischemic stroke outcomes-Where is the data: A systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of tryptophan, serotonin, and kynurenine on ischemic heart diseases and its risk factors: a Mendelian Randomization study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Multi-omics characterization of improved cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease patients after the combined metabolic activator treatment: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II trial.Brain communications · 2025Trial
- Metabolomic Signatures Differentiate Immune Responses in Avian Influenza Vaccine Recipients.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Combined metabolic activators improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase-II trial.Translational neurodegeneration · 2023Trial
- Direct Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Ultramarathon-Induced Changes in Kynurenine Metabolism.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Trial
- Air Pollution Triggers Metabolomic Signature of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice and Humans: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Development.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Article
- Comparing the Effect of Biochar and Poultry Manure on the Metabolomic Profile of Tomatoes (Metabolites · 2026Article
- Tryptophan Metabolism in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Focus on the Kynurenine Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Identification of potential biomarkers of tryptophan metabolism in Kawasaki disease and exploration of potential mechanisms.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Serum metabolites in relation to kidney function in non-transplant and kidney transplant settings using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- The effect of 5MTP on the expression of inflammatory markers in human aortic endothelial cell.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Mechanistic role of gut microbiota metabolites in hypertension-insomnia comorbidity via integrated network pharmacology and molecular dynamics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physical Activity, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Kynurenine Pathway in Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Receptor-Mitochondria Crosstalk in the Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway: Integrating Metabolomics and Clinical Mass Spectrometry.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
175 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is the major route for tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, and it contributes to several fundamental biological processes. Trp is constitutively oxidized by tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase in liver cells. In other cell types, it is catalyzed by an alternative inducible indoleamine-pyrrole 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) under certain pathophysiological conditions, which consequently increases the formation of Kyn metabolites. IDO is up-regulated in response to inflammatory conditions as a novel marker of immune activation in early atherosclerosis. Besides, IDO and the IDO-related pathway are important mediators of the immunoinflammatory responses in advanced atherosclerosis. In particular, Kyn, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid are positively associated with inflammation, oxidative stress (SOX), endothelial dysfunction, and carotid artery intima-media thickness values in end-stage renal disease patients. Moreover, IDO is a potential novel contributor to vessel relaxation and metabolism in systemic infections, which is also activated in acute severe heart attacks. The Kyn pathway plays a key role in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease by regulating inflammation, SOX, and immune activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.