ArticleJournal of addiction medicine
A Brief Screening Tool to Assess the Risk of Contracting HIV Infection Among Active Injection Drug Users.
Article in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk prediction models for targeted testing of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Harms associated with injecting in public spaces: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Pooled it
- Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2017Guideline
- The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicineGuideline
- Integrated care van delivery of evidence-based services for people who inject drugs: A cluster-randomized trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Trial
- Diagnostic performance of HIV risk assessment tools for identifying pre-exposure prophylaxis candidates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Novel Machine Learning HIV Intervention for Sexual and Gender Minority Young People Who Have Sex With Men (uTECH): Protocol for a Randomized Comparison Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Integrating Enhanced HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Into a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Lilongwe: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2022Article
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV: effective and underused.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2022Review
- HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum Among Individuals Receiving Medication for Opioid Use Disorder, South Carolina, 2020-2021.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Utility of a Machine-Guided Tool for Assessing Risk Behavior Associated With Contracting HIV in Three Sites in South Africa: Protocol for an In-Field Evaluation.JMIR research protocols · 2021Article
- A Review of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Streamlining Strategies.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2020Review
- Real-World Eligibility for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among People Who Inject Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2020Article
- Improving the HIV PrEP continuum of care using an intervention for healthcare providers: a stepped-wedge study protocol.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Performance and modification of EGCRISC among hepatitis C virus high-risk groups.Epidemiology and infection · 2020Article
- Article
- "You can't have a PrEP program without a PrEP Coordinator": Implementation of a PrEP panel management intervention.PloS one · 2020Article
- Using HIV Risk Prediction Tools to Identify Candidates for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Perspectives from Patients and Primary Care Providers.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo incorporate preexposure prophylaxis and other biomedical or intensive behavioral interventions into the care of injection drug users (IDUs), health care providers need validated, rapid, risk screening tools for identifying persons at highest risk of incident HIV infection.
methodsTo develop and validate a brief screening tool for assessing the risk of contracting HIV (ARCH), we included behavioral and HIV test data from 1904 initially HIV-uninfected men and women enrolled and followed in the AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience prospective cohort study between 1988 and 2008. Using logistic regression analyses with generalized estimating equations, we identified significant predictors of incident HIV infection, then rescaled and summed their regression coefficients to create a risk score.
resultsThe final logistic regression model included age, engagement in a methadone maintenance program, and a composite injection risk score obtained by counting the number of the following 5 behaviors reported during the past 6 months: injection of heroin, injection of cocaine, sharing a cooker, sharing needles, or visiting a shooting gallery. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.720; possible scores on the index ranged from 0 to 100 and a score 46 or greater had a sensitivity of 86.2% and a specificity of 42.5%, appropriate for a screening tool. DISCUSSION: We developed an easy to administer 7-question screening tool with a cutoff that is predictive of incident HIV infection in a large prospective cohort of IDUs in Baltimore. The ARCH-IDUs screening tool can be used to prioritize persons who are injecting illicit drugs for consideration of preexposure prophylaxis and other intensive HIV prevention efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.